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Pharmacokinetics and the optimal regimen for levofloxacin in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration

Abstract

The aim of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin (LVFX) and determine the optimal dose of this drug in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). The results of in vivo and in vitro studies showed the pharmacokinetics of LVFX total clearance (CLtotal) according to the creatinine clearance (CLCre), dialysate flow (QD), and ultrafiltrate flow (QF), to be as follows: CLtotal (l/h) = 0.0836 × CLCre (ml/min) + 0.013 × body weight (kg) + 0.94(QD + QF) (l/h). The optimal dose of LVFX was expressed by the following formula: 50 × CLtotal. These results demonstrate that the usual dose of LVFX (500 mg) was sufficient for the patients evaluated in this study.

Findings

The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin (LVFX) total clearance (CLtotal) were determined based on the creatinine clearance (CLCre), dialysate flow (QD), and ultrafiltrate flow (QF), as follows:

$$ {\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{total}}\left(\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{h}\right)=0.0836\times {\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{Cre}}\left(\mathrm{ml}/ \min \right)+0.013\times \mathrm{body}\;\mathrm{weight}\left(\mathrm{kg}\right)+0.94\left({\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{D}}+{\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{F}}\right)\left(\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{h}\right) $$

Introduction

Critically ill patients often require continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) as a result of acute kidney injury induced by severe sepsis. Levofloxacin (LVFX) is widely used for treatment in these patients. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of LVFX during CHDF are not uniform, as CHDF is performed using various combinations of the dialysate flow (QD) and ultrafiltrate flow (QF). The aim of the present study was to estimate the PK of LVFX in patients receiving CHDF and determine the optimal dose of LVFX for this patient population.

Methods

Approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board, − The Ethics Committee of Hokkaido University School of Medicine (011–0107). Informed consent for this study was obtained from the patients’ next of kin.

In vitro study

A CHDF circuit model (JUN-600, JUN-KEN MEDICAL Co., Tokyo, Japan) was established using a cellulose triacetate hollow fiber 1.1 m2 hemofilter (UT-1100, Nipro, Japan). The machine was primed with fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and 100 mg of LVFX were added to the circuit. The FFP flow was fixed at 150 ml/min, and the CHDF conditions were as follows: the QD was defined from 0, 1, and 2 l/h; the QF was defined from 0, 1, and 2 l/h, independent of QD. Samples were obtained from the prehemofilter and ultrafiltrates at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after the start of CHDF. The sieving coefficient (SC) values were calculated based on the LVFX concentrations in the filtrates and prehemofilter. The levels of clearance (CL) via CHDF (CLCHDF) were obtained for the product of SC and (QD + QF) and then were plotted, respectively.

In vivo study

Four patients with acute kidney injury were administered LVFX during CHDF (ACH-Σ, Asahi Kasei Medical. Co., Tokyo, Japan). The hemofilter used in the in vivo study was a polysulfone hollow fiber 1.3 m2 hemofilter (EXCELFLO AEF-13, Asahi Kasei Medical. Co., Tokyo, Japan). Replacement fluid was connected to the post-filter blood line. The 24 h creatinine clearance values were accurately measured based on the urine and serum creatinine levels and the 24 h urine output. The LVFX dose was set at 500 mg/day for all patients. Blood samples were collected before the administration of LVFX and at 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the start of drug administration. The concentration of LVFX was determined according to a high-performance liquid chromatography method, and a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a nonlinear least-squares regression program. The parameters were calculated by employing a two-compartment open model with a constant rate of infusion. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was determined based on the trapezoidal rule. The optimal dose of LVFX was calculated based on the following relational expression:

$$ {\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{total}}=\mathrm{dose}\;\mathrm{of}\;\mathrm{drug}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{U}\mathrm{C} $$

Results

The CLCHDF obtained via interpolation into a simple linear regression of CLCHDF against (QD + QF) closely correlated with the experimental data (Figure 1). The PK of LVFX clearance (CLvivo) was determined based on the creatinine clearance (CLCre) and body weight (BW), according to previous study [1]. The LVFX total clearance (CLtotal) in a patient receiving CHDF was calculated as follows:

Figure 1
figure 1

Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin (LVFX) clearance (CL) during continuous hemodiafiltration. A simple linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between LVFX CLCHDF and QD + QF.

$$ {\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{total}}\left(\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{h}\right)={\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{vivo}}+{\mathrm{CL}}_{\mathrm{CHDF}} $$

The values of predictive CLtotal were calculated based on this formula. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the patients. We were unable to calculate the predictive CLtotal in patient No. 3 because the urine creatinine level was not examined in this case. The LVFX concentration-time curve is shown in Figure 2, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of LVFX are presented in Table 2. The AUC was 73.9 ± 13.8 (mg/l h).

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients
Figure 2
figure 2

Pharmacokinetics of the levofloxacin (LVFX) concentration-time curve during LVFX administration of 500 mg first 24 hours. Cons, concentration. SE, standard error.

Table 2 Pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin in the patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration

Discussion

The ratio of AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a well-known important PK and pharmacodynamics predictor of the clinical efficacy of fluoroquinolones, including LVFX. Previous studies suggest that the AUC/MIC of ≥100 (h) is required in compromised patients or those exhibiting severe Gram-negative rod or staphylococcal infection [2-4]. In addition, the MIC for 90% of tested strains against most common Gram-negative aerobic pathogens is < 0.5 (μg/ml) [5]. Therefore, we determined the target AUC to be ≥ 50 and the optimal dose of LVFX to be 50 × CLtotal. Hence, the LVFX concentrations reached higher than optimal concentrations, and infection could therefore be successfully controlled in these patients.

Three factors affect the PK during CHDF as follows: 1) pore size and protein binding fraction of the drug; 2) molecular size; 3) QD and QF in the CHDF protocol [6]. The triacetate and polysulfone membranes used in this study have large pores and do not have a capacity for drug absorption, characteristics recommended for CHDF. The molecular size of LVFX is 361 Da, which is less than that of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) (368 Da). The results of our previous study suggested that the pore size of the hemofilter does not influence the CLCHDF, likely due to the sufficiently low molecular weight of CPFX [7]. This previous study also indicated that the surface area of the hemofilter with a large amount of QD possibly affects the clearance of small solutes, such as fluoroquinolones [7]. Therefore, the current results are not applicable in cases in which the QD is large.

The limitations of this study should be addressed. First, the results of a study by Takigawara et al. [1], showing the relationship between the PK of LVFX and the CLCre, were based on patients with a normal renal function. These results are not applicable to the present study, as we included patients with more severe kidney injury. Second, the current study included a very small number of patients. Therefore, a larger, more precise clinical study is needed to confirm our results.

Abbreviations

LVFX:

levofloxacin

CHDF:

continuous hemodiafiltration

CLCre :

creatinine clearance

QD :

dialysate flow

QF :

ultrafiltrate flow

CLtotal :

LVFX total clearance

PK:

Pharmacokinetics

FFP:

fresh frozen plasma

SC:

sieving coefficient

CLCHDF :

clearance by CHDF

CL vivo :

clearance in patients

BW:

body weight

AUC:

area under the concentration-time curve

MIC:

minimum inhibitory concentration

CPFX:

ciprofloxacin

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (2013–25861736) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.

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Correspondence to Takeshi Wada.

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Competing interests

This study was supported by Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.

Authors’ contributions

TW collected the samples, analyzed the data, drew the diagrams and wrote the manuscript. MK established the experiments, obtained the measurements in the samples and reviewed the manuscript. YN, AM, KK, KM, DM, YY, and AS helped to collect the samples and clinical data. MH helped to establish the experiments and revise the manuscript. KI and SG supervised the research and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

TW is an assistant professor at the Emergency and Critical Care Center at Hokkaido University Hospital. MK is a lecturer at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University. YN, AM, KK, KM, DM, YY, MH, and AS work as intensivists at the Emergency and Critical Care Center of Hokkaido University Hospital. KI is a professor at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University and a director at the Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital. SG is a professor at the Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine.

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Wada, T., Kobayashi, M., Ono, Y. et al. Pharmacokinetics and the optimal regimen for levofloxacin in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration. j intensive care 3, 22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-015-0089-0

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