Table 4 GRADE certainty of evidence assessment
Outcome | Number of studies (no. of patients) | Study design | Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence | Effect per 100 patients tested | Test accuracy CoE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of bias | Indirectness | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Publication bias | Pre-test probability of 15% | Pre-test probability of 25% | Pre-test probability of 35% | ||||
True positives (patients with acute kidney injury) | 16 studies 7160 patients | Cross-sectional (cohort type accuracy study) | Seriousa | Not serious | Seriousb | Not serious | None | 10 (9 to 11) | 17 (14 to 19) | 23 (20 to 26) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
False negatives (patients incorrectly classified as not having acute kidney injury) | 5 (4 to 6) | 8 (6 to 11) | 12 (9 to 15) | ||||||||
True negatives (patients without acute kidney injury) | 16 studies 14,079 patients | Cross-sectional (cohort type accuracy study) | Seriousa | Not serious | Seriousb | Not serious | None | 63 (57 to 68) | 55 (50 to 60) | 48 (44 to 52) | ⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
False positives (patients incorrectly classified as having acute kidney injury) | 22 (17 to 28) | 20 (15 to 25) | 17 (13 to 21) | ||||||||