Table 3 Independent predictors of withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments

Age

1.020 (1.014–1.026)

 < 0.001

Race

0.031

 Chinese

Reference

 Malay

0.652 (0.460–0.924)

0.016

 Indian

0.663 (0.450–0.976)

0.037

 Others

0.674 (0.475–0.957)

0.027

Religion

0.047

 No religion

Reference

 Buddhism

0.901 (0.739–1.099)

0.305

 Christianity

1.156 (0.897–1.490)

0.262

 Hinduism

1.628 (1.003–2.6430

0.049

 Islam

1.588 (1.123–2.246)

0.009

 Sikhism

1.349 (0.471–3.865)

0.578

 Taoism

0.803 (0.538–1.198)

0.283

 Others

0.762 (0.338–1.716)

0.511

Chronic kidney dialysis

0.728 (0.577–0.919)

0.008

Malignancy

1.435 (1.095–1.879)

0.009

Chronic liver failure

1.437 (1.044–1.979)

0.026

Activities of daily living

 < 0.001

 Independent

Reference

 Partially dependent

1.300 (1.058–1.597)

0.012

 Totally dependent

1.899 (1.408–2.560)

 < 0.001

CPR 24 h before ICU admission

2.360 (1.916–2.907)

 < 0.001

APACHE II score

1.114 (1.103–1.124)

 < 0.001

Care in first 24 h of ICU admission

0.018

 Level 3

Reference

 Level 2

0.746 (0.588–0.945)

0.015

 Level 1 and Level 0

0.803 (0.633–1.020)

0.072

Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments^

OR (95% CI)

P value

Age

1.015 (1.008–1.023)

 < 0.001

Chronic kidney dialysis

0.607 (0.427–0.865)

0.006

Activities of daily living

0.044

 Independent

Reference

 Partially dependent

1.366 (1.027–1.816)

0.032

 Totally dependent

1.410 (0.908–2.190)

0.126

CPR 24 h before ICU admission

5.409 (4.216–6.940)

 < 0.001

APACHE II score

1.088 (1.074–1.102)

 < 0.001

Hospital paying class

0.045

 B2 and C

Reference

 A and B1

0.665 (0.447–0.990)

0.045

Care in first 24 h of ICU admission

 < 0.001

 Level 3

Reference

 Level 2

0.087 (0.040–0.185)

 < 0.001

 Level 1 and Level 0

0.673 (0.488–0.926)

0.015