Table 1 Baseline characteristics of each admission

Demographics, n (%)

Age, mean ± SD

61.6 ± 14.9

69.1 ± 13.7

67.0 ± 14.1

 < 0.001

Female sex

2881 (36.1)

446 (37.8)

203 (36.8)

0.503

Race*

0.048

 Chinese

5392 (67.6)

842 (71.5)

375 (68.2)

 Malay

1206 (15.1)

172 (14.6)

79 (14.4)

 Indian

728 (9.1)

99 (8.4)

50 (9.1)

 Others

653 (8.2)

65 (5.5)

46 (8.4)

Religion

0.069

 Buddhism

2589 (32.4)

389 (32.9)

169 (30.7)

 Christianity

876 (11)

153 (13)

50 (9.1)

 Hinduism

377 (4.7)

61 (5.2)

31 (5.6)

 Islam

1338 (16.7)

195 (16.5)

80 (14.5)

 Sikhism

39 (0.5)

5 (0.4)

3 (0.5)

 Taoism

242 (3)

44 (3.7)

26 (4.7)

 Others

74 (0.9)

8 (0.7)

3 (0.5)

 None stated

2456 (30.7)

326 (27.6)

189 (34.3)

Severe comorbidities, n (%)

 Chronic kidney dialysis

638 (8)

127 (10.8)

49 (8.9)

0.005

 Malignancy^a

419 (5.2)

123 (10.4)

41 (7.4)

 < 0.001

 Immunocompromised^b

417 (5.2)

105 (8.9)

40 (7.3)

 < 0.001

 Chronic liver failure^c

215 (2.7)

68 (5.8)

17 (3.1)

 < 0.001

 Severe cardiovascular disease^d

113 (1.4)

39 (3.3)

12 (2.2)

 < 0.001

 Severe respiratory disease^e

80 (1)

25 (2.1)

10 (1.8)

0.002

Activities of daily living^f, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Independent

7021 (87.9)

907 (76.8)

433 (78.6)

 Partially dependent

724 (9.1)

190 (16.1)

87 (15.8)

 Totally dependent

246 (3.1)

84 (7.1)

31 (5.6)

 CPR 24 h before ICU admission, n (%)

374 (4.7)

270 (22.9)

170 (30.9)

 < 0.001

 APACHE II score, mean ± SD

17.5 ± 7.4

27.2 ± 9

25.6 ± 8.1

 < 0.001

Hospital paying class, n (%)

0.001

 A and B1^g

855 (10.7)

103 (8.7)

34 (6.2)

 B2 and C^h

7136 (89.3)

1078 (91.3)

517 (93.8)