Table 1 PICS assessment instruments
From: Post-intensive care syndrome follow-up system after hospital discharge: a narrative review
Assessment instruments | Items | Score range | Methods | Interview style | Frequency useda | Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical functions | ||||||
 6-min walk test (6MWT) | 1 | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 49 | The value depends on age, sex, body weight, and height |
 2-min walk test (2MWT) | 1 |  ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 3 | Short version of 6MWT. The results of 2MWT correlate with those of 6MWT |
 Medical Research Council score (MRC score) | 12 | 0–60 | Interview | Face-to-face | 34 | Sum of the score of muscle strength by manual muscle strength (0–5) at 12 points |
 Grip strength | 1 | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 34 | Testing requires a grip dynamometer |
 Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) | 1 | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 5 | Simple evaluation of mobility that measures how long it takes to stand up, walk a distance of 3 m, walk back, and sit down again |
 Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | 3 | 0–12 | Interview | Face-to-face | 14 | Evaluation of balance, walking, and sit-to-stand |
 30-s sit-to-stand (30STS) | 1 | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 15 | Evaluation of lower extremity strength that measures the number of times a patient fully stands up from and sits down a chair without arm muscles in 30 s |
 Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) | 1 | 1–9 (ordinal) | Interview | Face-to-face/Telephone | 16 | Evaluation of the degree of disability from frailty |
Cognitive functions | ||||||
 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | 8 | 0–30 | Interview | Face-to-face/Telephone | 37 | Evaluation of visuospatial/executive, naming, memory, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. Telephone MoCA (T-MoCA) omits items about visuospatial/executive and naming |
 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 11 | 0–30 | Interview | Face-to-face/Telephone | 36 | Evaluation of registration, attention, calculation, recall, language, ability to follow simple commands, and orientation. Several modified versions of MMSE are available for evaluation via telephone |
 Short Memory Questionnaire (SMQ) | 14 | 4–46 | Self-report | – | 7 | Evaluation of short-term memory, remote memory, cognition, orientation, and calculation. SMQ may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
 Mini-Cog | 2 | 0–5 | Interview | Face-to-face | 1 | Simple screening by the 3-item recall test and clock drawing test |
 Animal Naming | 1 | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face/Telephone | 0 | Simple screening by naming as many animals as possible within one minute |
 Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) | 12 (subtests) | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 21 | License fee required. Evaluation of immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional, attention, language, and delayed memory. It takes 30–45 min. RBANS has a mean (standard deviation) population age-adjusted score of 100 ± 15 |
 Trail-Making Test A and B (TMT A and B) | 2 (subtests) | ≥ 0 | Interview | Face-to-face | 15 | Evaluation of working memory, visual processing, visuospatial skills, selective and divided attention, processing speed, and psychomotor coordination. Measuring how long it takes to draw a line from the first circle to the 25th circle in a fixed order in each part |
Mental health | ||||||
 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | 14 | 0–21 | Self-report | – | 155 | Anxiety/depression |
 Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) | 22 | 0–4 (average) | Self-report | – | 76 | PTSD |
 Impact of Event Scale 6 (IES-6) | 6 | 0–4 (average) | Self-report | – | 8 | Short version of IES-R |
 Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) | 4 | 0–12 | Self-report | – | 3 | Screening for anxiety and depression |
 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 9 | 0–27 | Self-report | – | 26 | Depression. PHQ-8 is also available that omits one item on suicidal ideation from PHQ-9 |
 Generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) | 7 | 0–28 | Self-report | – | 13 | Anxiety |
Activities of daily living (ADL) | ||||||
 Barthel Index | 10 | 0–100 | Self-report | – | 47 | Basic ADL including feeding, bathing, grooming, dressing, bowels, bladder, toilet, transfer, mobility, and stairs. The Barthel Index may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) | 8 | 0–8 | Self-report | – | 25 | Instrumental ADL including telephone, shopping, preparing food, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, medication, and finance. IADL may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
 Functional Independence Measure (FIM) | 13 | 13–91 | Interview | Face-to-face/Telephone | 12 | Evaluating not only basic ADL, but also communication and social problems. FIM may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
Quality of life (QOL) | ||||||
 Short Form-36 (SF-36) | 36 | 0–100 | Self-report | – | 153 | Usage fee required. SF-36 includes eight domains (physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health) and two component scores (physical component score [PCS] and mental component score]). The PCS score may be used for the assessment of physical problems. SF-36 may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
 European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level, 3 Level, Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D-5L, 3L, VAS) | 5 | 0–1 | Self-report | – | 155 | Mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression components included. Components of mobility, self-care, and usual activities may be used for the screening of physical problems. The component of pain/discomfort may be used for the screening of pain. EQ-5D may also be evaluated by family caregivers using the proxy version |
 Short Form-12 (SF-12) | 12 | 0–100 | Self-report | – | 26 | Short form of SF-36, which also includes eight domains (physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health) and two component scores (physical component score [PCS] and mental component score]). Usage fee required. SF-12 may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
 12-item World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) | 12 | 0–48 | Self-report |  | 11 | Evaluation of disability about mobility, self-care, life activities, and participation. WHODAS 2.0 may also be evaluated by family caregivers |
Nutritional status | ||||||
 Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria (GLIM criteria) | 3 (phenotype) 2 (etiology) | None Moderate Severe (malnutrition) | Interview | Face-to-face | – | Assessment to diagnose malnutrition among patients at risk. Phenotypic criteria include weight loss, a low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass. Etiological criteria include reduced food intake or assimilation and inflammation. To diagnose malnutrition, at least 1 phenotypic criterion and 1 etiological criterion need to be present. The severity of malnutrition is classified as moderate and severe |
 Body composition | – | – | Interview | Face-to-face | – | Evaluation of body composition including muscle mass by validated methods (e.g., dual-energy absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) |
Sleep | ||||||
 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | 19 | 0–21 | Self-report | – | 9 | Sleep quality, latency, duration, efficiency, disturbance, medication, and daytime sleep dysfunction |
Pain | ||||||
 Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) | 4 (severity) 7 (interference) | 1–10 | Self-report | – | 13 | Including two main scores: the pain severity score and pain interference score. BPI short form and long form are both available |
Family | ||||||
 SF-36 | 36 | 0–100 | Self-report | – | 47 | QOL |
 HADS | 14 | 0–14 | Self-report | – | 34 | Anxiety/depression |
 IES-R | 22 | 0–4 (average) | Self-report | – | 19 | PTSD |