Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age (years), median (IQR)

61.0 (44.0–74.0)

57.0 (42.5–73.5)

0.585

Male sex, n (%)

145 (67.1)

130 (66.7)

1.000

Comorbidity (yes/no/unknown), n (%)

 Chronic heart failure

5 (2.3)/211 (97.7)/0 (0.0)

2 (1.0)/192 (98.5)/1 (0.5)

0.354

 Chronic renal failure

1 (0.5)/215 (99.5)/0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)/193 (99.0)/1 (0.5)

0.737

 Chronic liver failure

2 (0.9)/214 (99.1)/0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)/194 (99.5)/1 (0.5)

0.356

 Chronic respiratory failure

1 (0.5)/215 (99.5)/0 (0.0)

3 (1.5)/191 (97.9)/1 (0.5)

0.231

 Immunosuppression

2 (0.9)/213 (98.6)/1 (0.5)

2 (1.0)/192 (98.5)/1 (0.5)

1.000

Antithrombotic agents prior to injury, n (%)

 None

191 (88.4)

174 (89.2)

0.994

 Antiplatelet agents

17 (7.9)

14 (7.2)

 Anticoagulation agents

3 (1.4)

3 (1.5)

 Antiplatelet + anticoagulation agents

2 (0.9)

2 (1.0)

 Unknown

3 (1.4)

2 (1.0)

Type of injury, n (%)

 Blunt trauma

193 (89.4)

170 (87.2)

0.767

 Penetrating trauma

22 (10.2)

24 (12.3)

 Blunt + penetrating trauma

1 (0.5)

1 (0.5)

Time from injury to arrival at the ED (min), n (%)

  ≤ 30

50 (23.1)

38 (19.5)

0.544

 31–60

94 (43.5)

83 (42.6)

 61–90

40 (18.5)

31 (15.9)

 91–120

10 (4.6)

14 (7.2)

  > 120

8 (3.7)

11 (5.6)

 Unknown

14 (6.5)

18 (9.2)

Injury Severity Score, median (IQR)

24.5 (14.0–34.0)

24.0 (14.0–29.0)

0.797

Abbreviated Injury Scale score, median (IQR)

 Head/neck

0.5 (0.0–3.0)

0.0 (0.0–3.0)

0.324

 Face

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.5)

0.356

 Chest

3.0 (0.0–3.0)

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

0.368

 Abdomen

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

0.657

 Extremities/pelvic girdle

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

2.0 (0.0–3.0)

0.825

 External

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.0 (0.0–1.0)

0.258

Physiological status on arrival at the ED, median (IQR)

 Glasgow Coma Scale score

13.0 (10.0–15.0)

13.0 (9.0–14.0)

0.159

 Respiratory rate (/minute)

23.0 (19.0–28.0)

24.0 (19.0–30.0)

0.436

 Heart rate (/minute)

95.0 (76.8–117.2)

94.0 (79.5–116.0)

0.916

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

103.5 (83.0–131.5)

110.0 (86.0–132.5)

0.557

Laboratory tests on arrival at the ED, median (IQR)

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.20 (10.88–13.90)

11.90 (10.60–13.50)

0.112

 Platelet count (× 10³/μL)

221.0 (173.8–268.2)

232.0 (179.5–278.0)

0.203

 Prothrombin-INR^a

1.080 (1.005–1.175)

1.060 (1.010–1.170)

0.678

 Fibrinogen (mg/dL)^b

215.0 (168.0–257.0)

207.0 (168.5–254.0)

0.565

 Lactate (mmol/L)^c

3.100 (2.200–4.700)

3.260 (2.085–5.208)

0.602