Organ dysfunction, injury, and failure in cardiogenic shock

Table 1 Assessment and treatment of organ injury in cardiogenic shock (CS)

Organ	Biochemical	Imaging	Monitoring	Mechanical Support
Heart	Natriuretic peptides	Echocardiography	Heart rate and blood pressure	VA-ECMO
	Cardiac troponin	ECG	Central venous catheter	IABP
	Lactate	Ultrasound of IVC	Arterial line and PAC	Impella®
Lungs	Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation	Chest X-ray	PAC	ETI
	arterial blood gas	CT		NIV
		Lung ultrasound		HFNC
Kidneys	Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen	Ultrasound	Urinary output	CRRT
	Potassium
	Arterial blood gas acid balance
Liver	Transaminases	Ultrasound
	Bilirubin
	Albumin
Intestines	N/A	CT
Brain	N/A	CT	GCS, CAM–ICU, EEG	TTM

VA-ECMO, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; ECG, electrocardiography; IVC, inferior vena cava; PAC, pulmonary artery catheter; ETI, endotracheal intubation; CT, computed tomography; NIV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; N/A, not applicable; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CAM-ICU, confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit; EEG, electroencephalography; TTM, target temperature management

ISSN: 2052-0492