Table 1 Main clinical variables in the overall study cohort, comparing patients who survive their ICU stay and those who do not

Gender

0.286

 Female

156 (40%)

97 (38%)

59 (44%)

 Male

236 (60%)

160 (62%)

75 (56%)

Age (year)

70 (59–78)

67 (57–77)

74 (64–80)

 < 0.001

Predicted body weight (kg)

60 (52–67)

60 (52–67)

59 (52–64)

0.241

Chronic heart failure

165 (42%)

107 (42%)

58 (43%)

0.862

Comorbidities

 Diabetes

120 (31%)

80 (31%)

40 (30%)

0.866

 Chronic kidney failure

77 (20%)

51 (20%)

26 (19%)

1

 Chronic liver failure

8 (2%)

3 (1%)

5 (4%)

0.188

 Solid neoplasm

12 (3%)

6 (2%)

6 (4.5%)

0.395

 Hematological neoplasm

6 (1.5%)

4 (1.5%)

2 (1.5%)

1

 Chronic immunosuppression

8 (2%)

6 (2%)

2 (1.5%)

0.852

 COPD

56 (14%)

31 (12%)

25 (19%)

0.11

 Home ventilation

6 (1.5%)

2 (1%)

4 (3%)

0.213

Day 1

SOFA score

9 (7–12)

9 (6–11)

11 (9–14)

 < 0.001

Hemodynamic SOFA score^a

 < 0.001

 MAP ≥ 70 mmHg

114 (31%)

94 (39%)

20 (16%)

 MAP < 70 mmHg

40 (11%)

22 (9%)

18 (14%)

 Dopamine ≤ 5 μg/kg/min or dobutamine

25 (7%)

16 (7%)

9 (7%)

 Dopamine 5–15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min

61 (16%)

41 (17%)

20 (16%)

 Dopamine > 15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine > 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin > 0.1 μg/kg/min

127 (35%)

68 (28%)

59 (47%)

Arterial pH

7.35 (7.27–7.43)

7.38 (7.29–7.43)

7.32 (7.24–7.40)

 < 0.001

PaO₂/FiO₂

172 (116–231)

176 (125–232)

164 (109–231)

0.165

PaCO₂(mmHg)

40 (34–48)

40 (35–48)

40 (34–48)

0.911

Ventilation

0.001

 None/oxygen therapy

10 (2.5%)

5 (2%)

5 (4%)

 Non-invasive ventilation

67 (17%)

57 (22%)

10 (7%)

 Invasive ventilation

314 (80.5%)

195 (76%)

119 (89%)

Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW)

8.2 (7.2–9.4)

8.3 (7.3–9.4)

8.1 (7.0–9.3)

0.237

PEEP (cmH₂O)

7 (5–8)

7 (5–8)

6 (5–8)

0.197

Peak pressure (cmH₂O)

22 (18–28)

21 (17–27)

26 (20–32)

 < 0.001

Plateau pressure (cmH₂O)

20 (16–24)

20 (15–23)

22 (19–26)

 < 0.001

Driving pressure (cmH₂O)

13 (9–16)

12 (8–16)

15 (11–17)

 < 0.001

Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

18 (15–22)

18 (15–22)

19 (15–24)

0.196

ICU evolution

ARDS development

 Invasive mechanical ventilation

327 (84%)

204 (79%)

123 (92%)

0.002

 Venoarterial ECMO

18 (5%)

6 (2%)

12 (9%)

0.007

 Renal replacement therapy

74 (19%)

38 (15%)

36 (27%)

0.006

 Length of mechanical ventilation (days)

4 (2–10)

5 (3–10)

4 (2–9)

0.208