Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression analysis for the usage of beta blockers and incidence of mortality in the intensive care unit

β1-selective BB usage

0.36(0.19–0.68)

0.002

0.40(0.18–0.92)

0.030

Nonselective BB usage

0.75(0.39–1.44)

0.384

Age

0.99(0.98–0.99)

0.024

1.00(0.99–1.01)

0.972

Male

0.98(0.72–1.33)

0.887

APACHEII

1.12(1.10–1.15)

<0.001

1.04(1.01–1.07)

0.014

Hypertension

0.66(0.49–0.88)

0.005

0.88(0.59–1.33)

0.550

DM

0.68(0.50–0.93)

0.016

0.72(0.48–1.10)

0.130

ESRD

1.00(0.62–1.63)

0.989

Cirrhosis

1.50(0.93–2.41)

0.095

CHF

1.20(0.77–1.86)

0.429

Arrythmia

0.85(0.52–1.39)

0.512

CAD

0.75(0.48–1.17)

0.206

COPD

0.87(0.48–1.56)

0.634

Cancer, solid tumor

1.04(0.76–1.43)

0.817

Cancer, hematologic

4.12(2.68–6.36)

<0.001

2.47(1.38–4.42)

0.002

Autoimmune disease

1.23(0.70–2.18)

0.474

Pneumonia

0.97(0.74–1.28)

0.848

UTI

0.79(0.51–1.21)

0.273

Blood stream infection

1.26(0.90–1.77)

0.174

IAI

1.13(0.84–1.52)

0.413

Soft tissue infection

1.04(0.75–1.44)

0.808

HR

1.02(1.02–1.03)

<0.001

1.02(1.01–1.02)

<0.001

Mean BP

0.96(0.94–0.97)

<0.001

0.98(0.96–0.99)

0.007

GCS score

0.85(0.82–0.88)

0.851

0.92(0.88–0.97)

0.003

WBC count

1.00(1.00–1.00)

0.041

1.00(1.00–1.00)

0.338

Hemoglobin level

0.82(0.76–0.88)

<0.001

0.87(0.79–0.96)

0.005

Platelet count

1.00(1.00–1.00)

<0.001

1.00(1.00–1.00)

0.003

Na

0.99(0.97–1.01)

0.356

K

1.13(0.97–1.33)

0.113

C-reactive protein

1.01(0.99–1.02)

0.446

Albumin

0.81(0.63–1.05)

0.110

pH

0.02(0.01–0.10)

<0.001

0.81(0.10–6.76)

0.844

pCO₂

1.01(0.99–1.02)

0.477

HCO₃

0.94(0.91–0.97)

<0.001

0.96(0.93–1.01)

0.064

PF ratio

1.00(1.00–1.00)

<0.001

1.00(1.00–1.00)

0.002