Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics according to physical restraint during the first 24 to 72 h after admission
Variables | Total (n = 101) | Physical restraint during the first 24 to 72 h after admission | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No physical restraint (n = 46) | Intermittent physical restraint (n = 26) | Continuous physical restraint (n = 29) | |||
Age (year) | 65 (48–77) | 58 (42–73) | 69 (51–74) | 69 (62–81) | 0.065 |
Age > 65 years (%) | 50 (49.5) | 18 (39.1) | 16 (61.5) | 16 (55.2) | 0.145 |
Female sex (%) | 58 (57.4) | 30 (65.2) | 17 (65.4) | 11 (37.9) | 0.042 |
Hunt & Kosnik grade | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–4.0) | 0.117 |
Fisher score | 3 (3–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (3–3) | 3 (3–3) | 0.177 |
WFNS grade | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (2–4) | 0.117 |
Treatment modality (%) | |||||
Endovascular | 80 (79.2) | 40 (87.0) | 20 (76.9) | 20 (68.9) | 0.165 |
Surgical | 21 (20.8) | 6 (13.0) | 6 (23.1) | 9 (31.3) | |
Laboratory data on admission | |||||
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) | 3.9 (3.5–4.5) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 0.697 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 135 (115–167) | 130 (112–157) | 138 (122–190) | 146 (113–173) | 0.153 |
Lactate level (mg/dL) | 11.0 (8.0–20.0) | 10.0 (7.0–20.0) | 11.0 (6.5–17.5) | 13.0 (9.0–29.0) | 0.208 |
Aneurysm location | |||||
Anterior communicating/ cerebral artery aneurysm | 32 (31.7) | 14 (30.4) | 9 (34.6) | 9 (31.0) | 0.165 |
Internal carotid artery aneurysma | 31 (30.7) | 20 (43.5) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (17.2) | |
Middle cerebral artery aneurysm | 17 (16.9) | 4 (8.7) | 5 (19.2) | 8 (27.6) | |
Posterior circulationb aneurysm | 21 (20.8) | 8 (17.4) | 6 (23.1) | 7 (24.1) | |
Delayed cerebral ischemia (%) | 21 (20.8) | 10 (21.7) | 3 (11.5) | 8 (27.6) | 0.335 |
Outcome at discharge (%) | |||||
Favorable (mRS 0–2) | 49 (48.5) | 29 (63.0) | 12 (46.2) | 8 (27.6) | 0.011 |
Unfavorable (mRS 3–6) | 52 (51.5) | 17 (37.0) | 14 (53.9) | 21 (72.4) | |
Survive (%) | 100 (99.0) | 46 (100.0) | 26 (100.0) | 28 (96.6) | 0.285 |
Duration of mechanical ventilator (day) | 3 (2.0–11.0) | 2 (1.0–3.0) | 3 (1.8–6.0) | 7 (3.5–14.0) | < 0.001 |
Length of ICU stay (day) | 17 (15–19) | 17 (13–19) | 16 (14–17) | 17 (15–19) | 0.682 |
Length of hospital stay (day) | 27 (23–37) | 28 (22–36) | 28 (24–35) | 27 (23–42) | 0.892 |
Duration of physical restraint (h) | 11 (0–48) | 0 (0–0) | 20 (13–36) | 48 (48–48) | < 0.001 |