Table 1 Factors affecting energy expenditure in critical illness
↑ Energy expenditure | ↓ Energy expenditure |
|---|---|
■Caucasian ethnicity ■Overfeeding ■Physical exercise, agitation ■↑ Minute volume ■Hyperthermia ■Hyperthyroidism ■Metabolic acidosis ■Stress (cortisol, glucagon, norepinephrine) ■Systemic inflammation, sepsis ■Burns | ■Female sex ■Older age ■↓ Lean body mass ■Prolonged fasting, underfeeding ■Paralysis, coma ■↓ Minute volume ■Hypothermia ■Hypothyroidism ■Metabolic alkalosis ■Medication: β-blockers, sedatives, muscle relaxants |