Table 1 Factors affecting energy expenditure in critical illness
| ↑ Energy expenditure | ↓ Energy expenditure |
|---|---|
|
■ Caucasian ethnicity ■ Overfeeding ■ Physical exercise, agitation ■ ↑ Minute volume ■ Hyperthermia ■ Hyperthyroidism ■ Metabolic acidosis ■ Stress (cortisol, glucagon, norepinephrine) ■ Systemic inflammation, sepsis ■ Burns |
■ Female sex ■ Older age ■ ↓ Lean body mass ■ Prolonged fasting, underfeeding ■ Paralysis, coma ■ ↓ Minute volume ■ Hypothermia ■ Hypothyroidism ■ Metabolic alkalosis ■ Medication: β-blockers, sedatives, muscle relaxants |