Table 2 Use of antimicrobials within the 3 h of admission to the ED, with and without propensity score matching
Variable | Pre-matching | Post-matching | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
> 3 h, n = 1673 (68.2%) | < 3 h, n = 781 (31.8%) | p value | SMD (%) | > 3 h, n = 781 (50%) | < 3 h, n = 781 (50%) | p value | SMD (%) | |
Age | 63 (47–75) | 60 (45–72) | 0.004 | 15.9 | 61 (45–73) | 60 (45–72) | 0.541 | 3 |
Systolic blood pressure | 115 (93–134) | 93 (80–119) | < 0.001 | 73.6 | 100 (85–124) | 93 (80–119) | < 0.001 | 20.1 |
Temperature °C | 37 (36.7–38.3) | 37.3 (37–38.5) | < 0.001 | 17.6 | 37.2 (36.9–38.5) | 37.3 (37–38.5) | 0.318 | 4.6 |
Heart rate | 102 (88–116) | 110 (95–120) | < 0.001 | 38.2 | 106 (90–120) | 110 (95–120) | 0.123 | 10.1 |
Respiratory rate | 19 (18–22) | 20 (18–25) | < 0.001 | 39.3 | 20 (18–24) | 20 (18–25) | 0.002 | 10.6 |
Lactate | 2.6 (1.6–3.5) | 2.3 (1.3–3.4) | < 0.001 | 1.9 | 2.4 (1.3–3.6) | 2.3 (1.3–3.4) | 0.354 | 0.5 |
Central venous catheter | 88 (5.3%) | 93 (11.9%) | < 0.001 | 12.8 | 71 (9.1%) | 93 (11.9%) | 0.069 | 5.1 |
Fluids (IVF) in the first 6 h | 1212 (72.4%) | 709 (90.8%) | < 0.001 | 36 | 704 (90.1%) | 709 (90.8%) | 0.667 | 1.2 |
Amount of fluids in 6 h | 660 (0–1500) | 1420 (550–2300) | < 0.001 | 70.6 | 1210 (500–2000) | 1420 (550–2300) | 0.006 | 21.3 |
Urinary output | 451 (27%) | 366 (46.9%) | < 0.001 | 34.1 | 306 (39.2%) | 366 (46.9%) | 0.002 | 12.5 |
Vasopressors | 190 (11.4%) | 202 (26.9%) | < 0.001 | 25.9 | 156 (20%) | 202 (25.9%) | 0.006 | 10 |
Blood cultures | 1411 (84.3%) | 729 (93.3%) | < 0.001 | 18.1 | 714 (91.4%) | 729 (93.3%) | 0.153 | 3.6 |
Blood cultures taken prior to the beginning of antibiotics | 1216 (72.7%) | 421 (53.9%) | < 0.001 | 32.1 | 535 (68.5%) | 421 (53.9%) | < 0.001 | 23.8 |
Admission to ICU/SCU | 628 (37.5%) | 410 (52.5%) | < 0.001 | 25.6 | 377 (48.3%) | 410 (52.5%) | 0.095 | 6.9 |
Mechanical ventilation | 217 (13%) | 159 (20.4%) | < 0.001 | 13.5 | 149 (19.1%) | 159 (20.4%) | 0.525 | 2.2 |
Confirmed diagnosis of infection | 1266 (75.7%) | 643 (82.3%) | < 0.001 | 12.4 | 617 (79%) | 643 (82.3%) | 0.096 | 5.9 |
Inadequate antimicrobials | 527 (31.5%) | 125 (16%) | < 0.001 | 29.1 | 149 (19.1%) | 125 (16%) | 0.110 | 5.5 |
Mortality* | 179 (10.7%) | 104 (13.3%) | 0.059 | 5 | 105 (13.4%) | 104 (13.3%) | 0.941 | 0.2 |
Hospital stay | 10 (6–16) | 11 (6–18) | < 0.001 | 21.2 | 10 (6–17) | 11 (6–18) | 0.153 | 7.5 |
SOFA score* | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–7) | < 0.001 | 48.5 | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–7) | 0.034 | 17.7 |
APACHE II score* | 13 (9–18) | 15 (10–19) | < 0.001 | 31.5 | 14 (10–19) | 15 (10–19) | 0.052 | 13.2 |
Charlson Index* | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.010 | 16.2 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.101 | 6.4 |