Table 1 Etiologies of life-threatening hemoptysis
Intrinsic pulmonary parenchymal disease | |
 Bronchiectasis | Sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial, fungal |
 Pulmonary infections | Tuberculosis, fungal, necrotizing pneumonia, mycetoma, lung abscess, parasitic infection (Paragonimus westermani) |
 Pulmonary malignancy | Bronchogenic carcinoma, endobronchial metastases, bronchial adenoma |
 Pulmonary vascular | Non-iatrogenic: arteriovenous malformation, subepithelial bronchial artery (Dieulafoy), aortic aneurysm with erosion, pulmonary embolism (septic or thrombotic) Iatrogenic injuries: Pulmonary artery injury from pulmonary artery catheter, aortobronchial fistula due to aortic graft or stent, airway stent, biopsy complications from bronchoscopic procedures |
 Pulmonary trauma | Penetrating chest injury, blunt force chest injury |
Medication and toxins | Cocaine, bevacizumab, anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications, nitrogen dioxide |
Collagen vascular diseases involving the lung | Systemic lupus erythematosus, granulomatosis with polyangiitis or other vasculitides, anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, idiopathic hemosiderosis, amyloidosis, Behcet disease |
Cardiovascular diseases | Pulmonary edema from heart failure, mitral stenosis, tricuspid endocarditis, congenital heart disease |
Bleeding disorders | Disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, von Willebrand disease, platelet dysfunction |