Table 1 Descriptive statistics

Number of patients

181,075

36,214

177,185

40,104

<0.001

Women (%)

43.5

42.9

0.032

43.6

42.6

<0.001

Mean LOS (days)

2.49 (0.52–2.32)

2.50 (0.52–2.34)

0.29

0.383 (0.208–0.841)

0.516 (0.210–1.315)

<10⁻¹⁵

ICU mortality (%)

8.8

8.8

0.85

0.00109

0.47

<10⁻¹⁵

30-day mortality (%)

18.5

18.5

0.87

0

100

<10⁻¹⁵

Median SAPS 3 score

53 (42–65)

52 (41–64)

0.30

49 (39–59)

70 (61–80)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median EMR_{SAPS 3}

0.100 (0.027–0.280)

0.090 (0.024–0.261)

0.30

0.065 (0.018–0.176)

0.382 (0.208–0.589)

<10⁻¹⁵

Box I

Median age (years)

65 (48–76)

65 (48–76)

0.66

63 (43–73)

74 (66–82)

<10⁻¹⁵

Comorbidities

Cancer therapy (%)

4.7

4.8

0.51

4.1

7.4

<10⁻¹⁵

Chronic HF (%)

5.5

5.5

1

4.0

11.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Haematological cancer (%)

1.7

1.7

0.75

1.2

4.0

<10⁻¹⁵

Cirrhosis (%)

1.8

1.8

0.64

1.5

3.5

<10⁻¹⁵

AIDS (%)

0.092

0.102

0.62

0.092

0.100

0.71

Cancer (%)

8.4

8.4

0.88

7.4

12.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Mean LOS before ICU (days)

1.8 (0–1)

1.7 (0–1)

0.12

1.6

2.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Location before ICU

Operation (%)

11.4

11.3

0.50

12.5

6.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Emergency room (%)

53.1

53.2

0.65

54.8

45.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Other ICU (%)

2.6

2.7

0.57

2.4

3.4

<10⁻¹⁵

Other (%)

30.0

29.8

0.57

27.4

41.1

<10⁻¹⁵

Vasoactive drugs before ICU (%)

12.8

12.8

0.73

11.3

19.4

<10⁻¹⁵

Box II

Unplanned ICU admission (%)

92.7

92.6

0.60

92.0

96.0

<10⁻¹⁵

Reason for ICU admission

Basic and observational (%)

14.0

14.3

0.10

16.4

3.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Neurological (%)

46.3

46.2

0.66

46.6

44.7

<10⁻¹¹

Cardiovascular (%)

45.3

45.8

0.068

42.5

57.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Respiratory (%)

46.7

46.9

0.46

45.3

53.2

<10⁻¹⁵

Hepatic (%)

18.1

18.3

0.46

19.7

11.0

<10⁻¹⁵

Digestive (%)

27.5

27.8

0.29

29.1

20.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Renal (%)

27.6

27.9

0.23

27.6

27.6

0.97

Metabolic (%)

33.0

33.2

0.48

34.0

28.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Haematological (%)

18.9

19.4

0.014

20.5

12.1

<10⁻¹¹

Trauma (%)

9.8

9.7

0.40

10.6

6.4

<10⁻¹⁵

Other (%)

10.5

10.6

0.50

11.1

8.0

<10⁻¹⁵

Surgical status at ICU admission

No surgery (%)

79.7

79.8

0.60

78.4

85.4

<10⁻¹⁵

Scheduled surgery (%)

9.0

9.1

0.88

10.2

3.7

<10⁻¹⁵

Emergency surgery (%)

11.2

11.1

0.41

11.3

10.8

0.0048

Anatomical site of surgery

Transplantation surgery (%)

0.40

0.44

0.25

0.49

0.047

<10⁻¹⁵

Isolated trauma (%)

0.60

0.59

0.89

0.60

0.61

0.90

Multiple trauma (%)

0.37

0.40

0.39

0.43

0.15

<10⁻¹⁵

Cardiac surgery (%)

0.41

0.48

0.070

0.44

0.32

0.00085

Neurosurgery (%)

1.2

1.2

0.26

1.2

1.2

0.70

All other types of surgery (%)

17.9

17.8

0.65

19.0

12.8

<10⁻¹⁵

Acute infection at ICU admission

Nosocomial (%)

2.7

2.8

0.50

2.3

4.5

<10⁻¹⁵

Respiratory (%)

10.6

11.0

0.059

8.9

18.7

<10⁻¹⁵

Box III

Median GCS

15 (11–15)

15 (11–15)

0.082

15 (13–15)

10 (3–14)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median total bilirubin (μmol/L)

10 (6–17)

10 (6–17)

0.70

10 (6–16)

11 (7–20)

<10⁻¹⁵

Mean max. temperature (^∘C)

36.8 (36.2–37.5)

36.8 (36.2–37.5)

0.94

36.9 (36.3–37.5)

36.5 (35.8–37.4)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median max. creatinine (μmol/L)

84 (64–123)

84 (64–123)

0.88

80 (63–112)

110 (76–175)

<10⁻¹⁵

Mean max. heart rate (bpm)

98 (80–114)

98 (80–114)

0.52

97

102

<10⁻¹⁵

Median max. leukocyte count (×10⁹/L)

11.1 (8.0–15.6)

11.2 (8.0–15.6)

0.80

10.9 (7.9–15.0)

12.6 (8.6–17.7)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median min. pH

7.36 (7.29–7.42)

7.36 (7.29–7.42)

0.22

7.37 (7.30–7.42)

7.31 (7.20–7.40)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median min. platelet count (×10⁹/L)

222 (165–287)

222 (164–287)

0.89

225 (169–287)

208 (142–286)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median min. systolic BP (mmHg)

110 (90–130)

110 (89–130)

0.12

111 (90–133)

92 (70–120)

<10⁻¹⁵

Oxygenation

Over pressure ventilation (%)

30.5

30.0

0.093

25.6

51.6

<10⁻¹⁵

Median FiO₂

0.40 (0.30–0.60)

0.40 (0.30–0.60)

0.18

0.40 (0.30–0.50)

0.50 (40–80)

<10⁻¹⁵

Median PaO₂ (kPa)

11.9 (9.4–15.9)

11.8 (9.4–15.8)

0.43

12.0 (9.7–16.0)

11.0 (8.7–15.3)

<10⁻¹⁵