Table 4 Risk factors and drugs causing torsade de pointes in hospitalized patients

Clinically recognizable risk factors

List of drugs causing torsade de points

1) QTc > 500 ms

1) Antiarrhythmicdrugs

2) Use of QT-prolonging drug

i) Class Ia agents (disopyramide, cibenzoline)

3) Structural heart disease AMI and CHF

ii) Class III agents (amiodarone, bepridil, nifekalant)

4) Advanced age

2) Antidepressant (amitiptyline, desipramide)

5) Female sex

3) Antipsychotic agents (chlorpromazine, haloperidol)

6) Hypokalemia

4) Anticonvulsant (felbamate, fosphenytoin)

7) Hypomagnesemia

5) Sedative agents (droperidol)

8) Hypocalcemia

6) Antihistamine agent (astemizole, terfenadine)

9) Treatment with diuretics

7) Antibiotics (clarithromycin, erythromycin)

10) Impaired hepatic drug metabolism

8) Antiviral agents (foscarnet)

11) Bradycardia

9) Antimalarial agents (halofantrine, pentamidine)

Clinically silent risk factors

10) Antihypertensive agents (isradipine, nicardipine)

1) Latent congenital LQTS

11) Anticancer agent (tamoxifen, arsenic trioxide)

2) Genetic polymorphism

12) Anti-migraine agents (naratriptan, zolmitriptan)

13) Lipid-lowering agent (probucol)