Table 2 Biomarkers of ARDS
From: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome
| Name | Change in ARDS | Clinical prediction |
|---|---|---|
| Humoral mediators | ||
| Cytokines, growth factors | ||
| TNFα | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| IL-1β | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| IL-2 | Blood↑ | Development |
| IL-4 | Blood↑ | Development |
| IL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| IL-8 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Development and severity (BALF), poor outcome |
| IL-18 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| VEGF | ELF↑ | Better outcome |
| KGF | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| GDF-15 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| Ang-2 | Blood↑ | Development, poor outcome |
| Neutrophil elastase | Blood↑ | Development and severity |
| Leptin | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| Coagulation/fibrinolysis factors | ||
| PAI-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| Thrombomodulin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| von Willebrand factor | Blood↑ | Development |
| Protein C | Blood↓ | Poor outcome |
| Substances released from injured or activated tissues | ||
| DAMPs | ||
| HMGB-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| DNA | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
| Endothelial cells | ||
| Soluble P-selectin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| Soluble ICAM-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| Epithelial cells | ||
| Soluble RAGE | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| SP-B | Blood↑ | Development |
| SP-D | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| CC-16 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
| Laminin γ2 | ELF↑ | Poor outcome |
| KL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |