Table 2 Biomarkers of ARDS
From: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Name | Change in ARDS | Clinical prediction |
|---|---|---|
Humoral mediators | Â | Â |
 Cytokines, growth factors |  |  |
  TNFα | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
  IL-1β | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
  IL-2 | Blood↑ | Development |
  IL-4 | Blood↑ | Development |
  IL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
  IL-8 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Development and severity (BALF), poor outcome |
  IL-18 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  VEGF | ELF↑ | Better outcome |
  KGF | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
  GDF-15 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  Ang-2 | Blood↑ | Development, poor outcome |
  Neutrophil elastase | Blood↑ | Development and severity |
  Leptin | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
 Coagulation/fibrinolysis factors |  |  |
  PAI-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  Thrombomodulin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  von Willebrand factor | Blood↑ | Development |
  Protein C | Blood↓ | Poor outcome |
Substances released from injured or activated tissues | Â | Â |
 DAMPs |  |  |
  HMGB-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  DNA | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
 Endothelial cells |  |  |
  Soluble P-selectin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  Soluble ICAM-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
 Epithelial cells |  |  |
  Soluble RAGE | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  SP-B | Blood↑ | Development |
  SP-D | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  CC-16 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
  Laminin γ2 | ELF↑ | Poor outcome |
  KL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |