From: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Name | Change in ARDS | Clinical prediction |
---|---|---|
Humoral mediators | ||
Cytokines, growth factors | ||
TNFα | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
IL-1β | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
IL-2 | Blood↑ | Development |
IL-4 | Blood↑ | Development |
IL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
IL-8 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Development and severity (BALF), poor outcome |
IL-18 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
VEGF | ELF↑ | Better outcome |
KGF | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
GDF-15 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
Ang-2 | Blood↑ | Development, poor outcome |
Neutrophil elastase | Blood↑ | Development and severity |
Leptin | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
Coagulation/fibrinolysis factors | ||
PAI-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
Thrombomodulin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
von Willebrand factor | Blood↑ | Development |
Protein C | Blood↓ | Poor outcome |
Substances released from injured or activated tissues | ||
DAMPs | ||
HMGB-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
DNA | BALF↑ | Poor outcome |
Endothelial cells | ||
Soluble P-selectin | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
Soluble ICAM-1 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
Epithelial cells | ||
Soluble RAGE | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
SP-B | Blood↑ | Development |
SP-D | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
CC-16 | Blood↑ | Poor outcome |
Laminin γ2 | ELF↑ | Poor outcome |
KL-6 | Blood↑, BALF↑ | Poor outcome |