Rapid infusion of ice-cold IV fluid and ice packs | Water-circulating blankets | Air-circulating blankets | Water-circulating gel-coated pads | Intravascular cooling devices | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Induction phase | |||||
 Simpleness | |||||
  Pre-hospital | ◯ | × | × | × | × |
  After hospital arrival | ◯ | △ | △ | △ | × |
Specialized devices | Specialized devices | Specialized devices | Specialized devices intravascular catheterization | ||
 Non-invasiveness | ◯ | ◯ | ◯ | ◯ | × |
intravascular catheterization | |||||
 Cooling rate | × | ◯ | × | ◯ | ◯ |
0.32 ± 0.24 °C/h | 1.33 ± 0.63 °C/h | 0.18 ± 0.20 °C/h | 1.04 ± 0.14 °C/h | 1.46 ± 0.42 °C/h | |
Maintenance phase | |||||
 Stabilitya | × | × | × | × | ◯ |
69.8 ± 37.6 % | 50.5 ± 35.9 % | 74.1 ± 40.5 % | 44.2 ± 33.7 % | 3.2 ± 4.8 % | |
 Convenience | × | △ | △ | ◯ | ◯ |
Frequent manual exchange | Manual control | Manual control | Automated control | Automated control | |
 Inexpensiveness | ◯ | △ | △ | × | × |
Specialized devices | Specialized devices | Specialized devices | Specialized devices |