Group | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<15 min | 15–19 min | 20–26 min | ≥27 min | |||||||||
Characteristics | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | P value | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | P value | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | P value | Epinephrine | No epinephrine | P value |
Cases | 2766 | 90,681 | 5597 | 90,281 | 8179 | 85,490 | 12,525 | 88,292 | ||||
Age, mean (SD), years | 72.91 (15.1) | 72.78 (16.7) | 0.669 | 73.61 (14.9) | 73.90 (16.2) | 0.192 | 73.75 (15.4) | 73.70 (16.2) | 0.784 | 72.81 (15.4) | 73.03 (16.3) | 0.159 |
Male sex | 1,673 (60.5) | 52,377 (57.8) | 0.004 | 3409 (60.9) | 50,981 (56.5) | <0.001 | 5103 (62.4) | 48,810 (57.1) | <0.001 | 8086 (64.6) | 51,757 (58.6) | <0.001 |
Bystander eyewitness | 1,649 (59.6) | 34,143 (37.7) | <0.001 | 3032 (54.2) | 29,389 (32.6) | <0.001 | 4415 (54.0) | 28,018 (32.8) | <0.001 | 6985 (55.8) | 29,496 (33.4) | <0.001 |
CPR initiated by bystander (non medically trained citizen) | 1,407 (50.9) | 39,423 (43.5) | <0.001 | 2755 (49.2) | 39,778 (44.1) | <0.001 | 3897 (47.6) | 35,778 (41.9) | <0.001 | 5633 (45.0) | 33,995 (38.5) | <0.001 |
Chest compression | 1391 (50.5) | 38,763 (42.9) | <0.001 | 2725 (49.0) | 39,206 (43.6) | <0.001 | 3863 (47.5) | 35,251 (41.4) | <0.001 | 5580 (44.8) | 33,481 (38.0) | <0.001 |
Rescue breathing | 427 (15.5) | 12,185 (13.5) | 0.003 | 776 (14.0) | 11,957 (13.3) | 0.162 | 1112 (13.7) | 10,725 (12.6) | 0.005 | 1640 (13.2) | 10,463 (11.9) | <0.001 |
Use of public-access AED | 31 (1.1) | 632 (0.7) | 0.012 | 58 (1.0) | 375 (0.4) | <0.001 | 82 (1.0) | 333 (0.4) | <0.001 | 121 (1.0) | 350 (0.4) | <0.001 |
Origin of cardiac arrest | ||||||||||||
Cardiac | 1407 (54.3) | 45,556 (52.9) | 0.065 | 3110 (58.9) | 46,811 (54.3) | <0.001 | 4681 (60.4) | 44,692 (54.4) | <0.001 | 7454 (62.0) | 46,352 (53.9) | <0.001 |
Not cardiac | 694 (26.8) | 22,557 (26.2) | 1216 (23.0) | 22,906 (26.6) | 1763 (22.8) | 22,020 (26.8) | 2671 (22.2) | 23,488 (27.3) | ||||
Exogenous origin | 492 (19.0) | 17,958 (20.9) | 954 (18.1) | 16,538 (19.2) | 1305 (16.8) | 15,380 (18.7) | 1895 (15.8) | 16,128 (18.8) | ||||
Primary ECG rhythm | ||||||||||||
VF | 467 (16.9) | 9515 (10.5) | <0.001 | 747 (13.3) | 5223 (5.8) | <0.001 | 1029 (12.6) | 4743 (5.5) | <0.001 | 1656 (13.2) | 4583 (5.2) | <0.001 |
non VF | 2299 (83.1) | 81,166 (89.5) | 4850 (86.7) | 85,058 (94.2) | 7150 (87.4) | 80,747 (94.5) | 10,869 (86.8) | 83,709 (94.8) | ||||
Life support by EMS personnel | ||||||||||||
Defibrillation | 562 (20.3) | 11,192 (12.4) | <0.001 | 1011 (18.1) | 7443 (8.3) | <0.001 | 1494 (18.3) | 7144 (8.4) | <0.001 | 2730 (21.8) | 7457 (8.5) | <0.001 |
Advanced airway management | 1822 (65.9) | 26,738 (29.5) | <0.001 | 3981 (71.2) | 40,621 (45.0) | <0.001 | 6258 (76.6) | 44,293 (51.9) | <0.001 | 9805 (78.4) | 48,849 (55.4) | <0.001 |
Time, mean (SD), min | ||||||||||||
Time from call to CPR initiation | 8.63 (3.7) | 8.45 (4.5) | 0.034 | 8.58 (3.5) | 8.70 (3.8) | 0.02 | 8.99 (3.6) | 9.14 (4.0) | 0.001 | 10.13 (5.0) | 10.20 (5.4) | 0.188 |
Time from call to arrival at hospital | 29.00 (10.8) | 21.95 (7.1) | <0.001 | 29.26 (7.4) | 26.85 (4.4) | <0.001 | 33.51 (5.8) | 32.47 (4.6) | <0.001 | 45.83 (11.5) | 44.98 (11.5) | <0.001 |
EMSs’ CPR duration | 12.61 (2.3) | 11.51 (3.3) | <0.001 | 18.25 (1.3) | 18.01 (1.4) | <0.001 | 23.42 (1.7) | 23.26 (1.7) | <0.001 | 35.17 (9.0) | 34.74 (9.3) | <0.001 |
Outcome | ||||||||||||
ROSC | 1561 (56.4) | 11,860 (13.1) | <0.001 | 1,413 (25.2) | 1430 (1.6) | <0.001 | 1211 (14.8) | 665 (0.8) | <0.001 | 903 (7.2) | 394 (0.4) | <0.001 |
1-month survival | 503 (18.2) | 8867 (9.8) | <0.001 | 418 (7.5) | 2181 (2.4) | <0.001 | 297 (3.6) | 1,284 (1.5) | <0.001 | 230 (1.8) | 926 (1.0) | <0.001 |
CPC 1 or 2 | 136 (4.9) | 4522 (5.0) | 0.924 | 92 (1.6) | 484 (0.5) | <0.001 | 59 (0.7) | 239 (0.3) | <0.001 | 52 (0.4) | 185 (0.2) | <0.001 |