Epinephrine | No Epinephrine | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 29067) | (n = 354744) | ||
Age, mean (SD), years | 73.24 (15.3) | 73.35 (16.4) | 0.275 |
Male sex | 18271 (62.9) | 203925 (57.5) | <0.001 |
Bystander eyewitness | 16081 (55.3) | 121046 (34.1) | <0.001 |
CPR initiated by bystander | 13692 (47.1) | 148974 (42.0) | <0.001 |
Chest compression | 13559 (46.9) | 146701 (41.5) | <0.001 |
Rescue breathing | 3955 (13.7) | 45330 (12.9) | <0.001 |
Use of public-access AED | 292 (1.0) | 1690 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Intrinsic origin of cardiac arrest | |||
Cardiac | 16652 (60.2) | 183411 (53.9) | <0.001 |
Non cardiac | 6344 (23.0) | 90971 (26.7) | |
Exogenous origin | 4646 (16.8) | 66004 (19.4) | |
Primary ECG rhythm | |||
VF | 3899 (13.4) | 24064 (6.8) | <0.001 |
Non VF | 25168 (86.6) | 330680 (93.2) | |
Life support by EMS personnel | |||
Defibrillation | 5797 (20.0) | 33236 (9.4) | <0.001 |
Advanced airway management | 21866 (75.3) | 160501 (45.3) | <0.001 |
Time, mean (SD), min | |||
Time from call to CPR initiation | 9.37 (4.3) | 9.11 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Time from call to arrival at the hospital | 37.6 (11.9) | 31.5 (11.4) | <0.001 |
EMSs’ CPR duration | 26.5 (10.1) | 21.8 (9.9) | <0.001 |
Outcome | |||
ROSC | 5088 (17.5) | 14349 (4.0) | <0.001 |
1-month survival | 1448 (5.0) | 13258 (3.7) | <0.001 |
CPC 1 or 2 | 339 (1.2) | 5430 (1.5) | <0.001 |