Table 1 Patient characteristics and distribution of variables by diagnosis of COVID-19
No diagnosis of COVID-19 | Diagnosis of COVID-19 | Std. diff | |
|---|---|---|---|
N = 1326 | N = 411 | ||
Demographics | |||
Age, years | 65 (54–74) | 63 (54–72) | 0.10 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 (23.6–32.6) | 30.8 (26.1–36.1) | − 0.37 |
Sex, female | 518 (39.1%) | 154 (37.5%) | − 0.03 |
Comorbidities | |||
Chronic lung disease | 458 (34.5%) | 145 (35.3%) | − 0.02 |
Congestive Heart failure | 457 (34.5%) | 89 (21.7%) | 0.29 |
Renal failure | 360 (27.1%) | 96 (23.4%) | 0.09 |
Liver disease | 363 (27.4%) | 75 (18.2%) | 0.22 |
Diabetes mellitus | 451 (34%) | 160 (38.9%) | − 0.10 |
Elixhauser comorbidity score | 20 (12–27) | 15 (8–23) | 0.39 |
Smoking | 686 (51.7%) | 163 (39.7%) | 0.24 |
In-hospital factors during first 24 h of mechanical ventilation | |||
Total duration of mechanical ventilation, hours | 97.6 (49.1–215.2) | 267.4 (134.5–496.9) | − 0.61 |
Respiratory rate, 1/min | 21 (18–25) | 25 (20.5–28) | − 0.64 |
Positive end-expiratory pressure, cmH2O | 5 (5–8) | 11 (8–14) | − 1.19 |
Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 17.5 (15–21) | 23.2 (20–27) | − 1.06 |
Tidal volume, ml/kg IBW | 6.4 (6–6.9) | 6.1 (5.8–6.6) | 0.38 |
P/F ratio, mmHg | 164 (101.3–314) | 133.8 (92–204.7) | 0.38 |
Driving pressure, cmH2O | 11 (9–13) | 11.5 (10–14) | − 0.24 |
Baseline standardized compliance, (ml/kg)/cmH2O | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.19 |
Baseline standardized elastance, cmH2O/(ml/kg) | 1.8 (1.4–2.1) | 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | − 0.22 |
Positioned in prone position | 26 (2%) | 151 (36.7%) | − 0.98 |
Use of esophageal manometry | 80 (6%) | 186 (45.3%) | − 1.00 |
Fluid balance, ml | 104 (− 1162–1530.6) | − 784.9 (− 1627.8–268.6) | 0.47 |
Heart rate, 1/min | 83 (72–96) | 79.5 (69–92) | 0.19 |
Times MAP below 55 mmHg | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–5) | − 0.28 |
Any midazolam administered | 298 (22.5%) | 177 (43.1%) | − 0.45 |
Administered propofol, mg | 2990.4 (1327.4–4593) | 4979 (2965–6905) | − 0.67 |
Administered vasopressors, mcg/kg norepinephrine equivalents | 90.8 (2.4–367.7) | 83.8 (19.2–219.6) | 0.20 |
Continuous non-depolarizing NMBA infusion | 75 (5.7%) | 159 (38.7%) | − 0.87 |
Administered opioids, mg OME | 301.6 (50–577.3) | 864.2 (468.2–1206.6) | − 1.07 |
Arterial pH | 7.4 (7.3–7.4) | 7.3 (7.3–7.4) | 0.21 |
Partial pressure of arterial CO2, mmHg | 41 (36–46) | 45 (41–52) | − 0.51 |
D-Dimer > 500 ng/ml | 62 (4.7%) | 155 (37.7%) | − 0.88 |
Appearance of elevated NT-proBNP, age adjusted | 59 (4.4%) | 19 (4.6%) | − 0.01 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 (0.8–2.1) | 1.2 (0.9–2.1) | 0.00 |
Potassium, mEq/L | 4.1 (3.8–4.6) | 4.3 (3.9–4.7) | − 0.17 |
Sodium, mEq/L | 138.5 (135–141.5) | 138.5 (135–141) | − 0.02 |
Hematocrit, L/L | 30.5 (26.1–36) | 34.6 (30.1–39.1) | − 0.48 |
White blood cells, cells per μL | 12.5 (8.7–17.6) | 10.5 (7.7–15.4) | 0.15 |
APACHE-II-Score | 24 (19–29) | 25 (20–28) | − 0.04 |