Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Age (years)

58.4 ± 13.6

58.5 ± 16.1

65.0 ± 15.3

Male sex [n (%)]

12 (60.0%)

17 (73.9%)

28 (62.2%)

Comorbidities [n (%)]

 Hypertension

–

9 (39.1%)

22 (48.9%)

 Diabetes

–

5 (21.8%)

12 (26.7%)

 Coronary heart disease

–

11 (47.8%)

18 (40.0%)

 Chronic pulmonary disease

–

3 (13.0%)

4 (8.8%)

 Chronic renal disease

–

2 (8.7%)

5 (11.1%)

Episode location [n (%)]

 OHCA

–

14 (60.9%)

34 (75.6%)

 IHCA

–

9 (39.1%)

11 (24.4%)

Causes of cardiac arrest [n (%)]

 Cardiac

–

11 (47.8%)

20 (44.4%)

 Respiratory

–

4 (17.4%)

10 (22.2%)

 Cerebral

–

3 (13.1%)

8 (17.8%)

 Others

–

5 (21.7%)

7 (15.6%)

Causes of death [n (%)]

 Instability or re-arrest

–

–

12 (26.7%)

 Brain death

–

–

11 (24.4%)

 Multiple organ dysfunction

–

–

9 (20.0%)

 Refractory cardiogenic shock

–

–

8 (17.7%)

 Respiratory failure

–

–

3 (6.7%)

 Heart failure

–

–

2 (4.5%)

Initial cardiac rhythm [n (%)]

 Shockable rhythm

–

14 (60.9%)

18 (40.0%)

 Non-shockable rhythm

–

9 (39.1%)

27 (60.0%)

CPR time (min)

–

7.0 (3.0, 10.0)

15.0 (8.0, 23.0)^a

Length of ICU-stay (days)

–

10.0 (6.0, 17.0)

5.0 (2.0, 11.5)^a

Treatments [n (%)]

 Ventilator use

–

23 (100%)

45 (100%)

 Sedation

–

23 (100%)

45 (100%)

 Hemodynamic support

–

20 (87.0%)

45 (100%)

 Seizure treatment

–

4 (17.4%)

9 (20.0%)

Laboratory findings

 Leukocyte count (× 10⁹/L)

6.66 (5.55, 8.45)

12.46 (8.34, 19.32)^b

12.99 (9.81, 22.37)^b

 PCT (ng/mL)

0.06 (0.03, 0.09)

1.36 (0.81, 1.74)^b

2.00 (1.00, 3.47)^b

 hs-troponin I (μg/L)

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

0.10 (0.06, 1.70)^b

0.87 (0.38, 6.80)^b

 BNP (pg/mL)

26.5 (17.8, 37.8)

124.0 (49.0, 370.9)^b

659.0 (183.0, 1994.7)^a

 Lactate (mmol/L)

0.50 (0.25, 1.29)

2.00 (1.40, 4.70)^b

6.40 (2.60, 11.70)^a

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

70.4 (61.8, 76.9)

83.0 (60.0, 106.0)^b

149.0 (100.3, 243.5)^a

APACHE II scores

–

20.0 (14.0, 38.0)

38.0 (34.0, 41.5)^a

SOFA scores

–

5.0 (4.0, 7.5)

10.0 (9.0, 13.0)^a