Table 2 Characteristics and outcomes of ICU and HDU patients
Characteristics and outcomes | ICU patients | HDU patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before COVID-19 pandemic (n = 297,679) | During COVID-19 pandemic (n = 275,423) | SMD, % | Before COVID-19 pandemic (n = 408,005) | During COVID-19 pandemic (n = 384,647) | SMD, % | |
Age, year, mean (SD) | 67.3 (18.7) | 67.8 (18.3) | 2.7 | 70.9 (17.4) | 71.2 (17.3) | 0.1 |
Male, % | 180,260 (60.6%) | 167,806 (60.9%) | 0.8 | 232,993 (57.1%) | 220,091 (57.2%) | 0.2 |
Route of admission, % | ||||||
Home | 268,903 (90.3%) | 249,076 (90.4%) | − 0.8 | 359,513 (88.1%) | 338,379 (88.0%) | − 0.9 |
Another hospital | 21,661 (7.3%) | 19,562 (7.1%) | 23,191 (5.7%) | 21,595 (5.6%) | ||
Nursing home | 7113 (2.4%) | 6785 (2.5%) | 25,298 (6.2%) | 24,672 (6.4%) | ||
Dementia, % | ||||||
None | 263,892 (88.6%) | 241,643 (87.7%) | − 2.8 | 321,092 (78.7%) | 299,986 (78.0%) | − 1.9 |
Mild dementia | 21,533 (7.2%) | 21,404 (7.8%) | 46,577 (11.4%) | 44,593 (11.6%) | ||
Moderate-to-severe dementia | 12,254 (4.1%) | 12,376 (4.5%) | 40,336 (9.9%) | 40,068 (10.4%) | ||
Admission type, n (%) | ||||||
Elective surgery | 102,700 (34.5%) | 95,001 (34.5%) | − 0.1 | 67,826 (16.6%) | 59,879 (15.6%) | − 3.0 |
Emergency surgery | 33,125 (11.1%) | 30,545 (11.1%) | 29,472 (7.2%) | 27,459 (7.1%) | ||
Nonsurgical/acute medical problem | 161,852 (54.4%) | 149,877 (54.4%) | 310,704 (76.2%) | 297,308 (77.3%) | ||
Main etiologies for admission, n (%) | ||||||
Circulatory diseases | 132,736 (44.6%) | 120,295 (43.7%) | − 1.8 | 163,073 (40.0%) | 150,981 (39.3%) | − 1.5 |
Neoplasms and diseases of the blood | 73,572 (24.7%) | 68,601 (24.9%) | 0.4 | 62,604 (15.3%) | 56,448 (14.7%) | − 1.9 |
Injury, poisoning and external causes | 19,570 (6.6%) | 17,747 (6.4%) | − 0.5 | 47,490 (11.6%) | 42,618 (11.1%) | − 1.8 |
Abdominal diseases | 17,659 (5.9%) | 16,388 (6.0%) | 0.1 | 36,911 (9.0%) | 33,466 (8.7%) | − 1.2 |
Respiratory diseases | 12,721 (4.3%) | 10,168 (3.7%) | − 3.0 | 33,973 (8.3%) | 26,450 (6.9%) | − 5.5 |
COVID-19 | 0 (0.0%) | 5131 (1.9%) | 19.5 | 0 (0.0%) | 18,888 (4.9%) | 32.1 |
The others | 41,419 (13.9%) | 37,093 (13.5%) | − 1.3 | 63,951 (15.7%) | 55,795 (14.5%) | − 3.3 |
Organ support during ICU/HDU stay, n (%) | ||||||
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 98,700 (33.2%) | 87,603 (31.8%) | − 2.8 | 53,026 (13.0%) | 48,752 (12.7%) | − 1.0 |
Noradrenaline | 92,024 (30.9%) | 88,533 (32.1%) | 2.6 | 33,490 (8.2%) | 34,792 (9.0%) | 3.0 |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 14,592 (4.9%) | 12,824 (4.7%) | − 1.2 | 3492 (0.9%) | 3283 (0.9%) | 0.0 |
Intra-aortic balloon pumping | 8360 (2.8%) | 7532 (2.7%) | − 0.4 | 2007 (0.5%) | 1875 (0.5%) | − 0.1 |
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 4064 (1.4%) | 3701 (1.3%) | − 0.2 | 750 (0.2%) | 669 (0.2%) | − 0.2 |
Left ventricular assist device | 22 (0.0%) | 30 (0.0%) | 0.4 | 2 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | − 0.1 |
Intracranial pressure monitoring | 977 (0.3%) | 813 (0.3%) | − 0.6 | 366 (0.1%) | 316 (0.1%) | − 0.3 |
ICU/HDU mortality, n (%) | 17,770 (6.0%) | 17,023 (6.2%) | 0.9 | 23,557 (5.8%) | 23,851 (6.2%) | 1.8 |
Discharge status, n (%) | ||||||
In-hospital mortality | 35,714 (12.0%) | 33,386 (12.1%) | − 0.8 | 48,306 (11.8%) | 46,448 (12.1%) | − 0.8 |
Home | 201,418 (67.7%) | 186,582 (67.7%) | 248,489 (60.9%) | 233,694 (60.8%) | ||
Another hospital | 56,433 (19.0%) | 51,521 (18.7%) | 93,782 (23.0%) | 87,916 (22.9%) | ||
Nursing home | 4112 (1.4%) | 3934 (1.4%) | 17,425 (4.3%) | 16,588 (4.3%) | ||
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR) | 17 (10–31) | 16 (9–30) | − 5.1 | 14 (7–27) | 14 (7–25) | − 4.4 |
Length of ICU/HDU stay, days, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | − 1.3 | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 3.3 |
Hospitalization costs, million yen, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.3–3.7) | 2.1 (1.4–3.7) | − 0.9 | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | − 1.0 |