Table 1 Description of patients and hospital characteristics

Patients’ characteristics

 Age, median (IQR)

33 (24–48)

72 (68–79)

 < 0.001

 Sex (male) n (%)

9647 (78.8)

1056 (65.5)

 < 0.001

 Mechanism of injury

 < 0.001

  Blunt injury, n (%)

9407 (76.8)

1422 (86.0)

  Penetrating injury, n (%)

2834 (23.2)

231 (14.0)

 Total prehospital time, median (IQR)

37 (24–63)

45 (31–69)

 < 0.001

 Comorbidities

  Heart failure, n (%)

45 (0.4)

59 (3.6)

 < 0.001

  Renal failure, n (%)

61 (0.5)

12 (0.7)

0.071

  Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

52 (0.4)

31 (1.9)

 < 0.001

  Diabetes, n (%)

546 (4.5)

264 (16.0)

 < 0.001

  Respiratory disease, n (%)

320 (2.6)

115 (7.0)

 < 0.001

  Liver cirrhosis, n (%)

181 (1.5)

35 (2.1)

0.062

  Dementia, n (%)

7 (0.1)

41 (2.5)

 < 0.001

 SBP in the ED, median (IQR)

74 (60–90)

70 (57–83)

 < 0.001

 RTS, median (IQR)

6.1 (3.4–7.6)

6.8 (3.8–7.6)

 < 0.001

 AIS injured region

  Head ≥ 3, n (%)

3,989 (32.6)

634 (38.4)

 < 0.001

  Face ≥ 3, n (%)

371 (3.0)

39 (2.4)

0.151

  Neck ≥ 3, n (%)

543 (4.4)

39 (2.4)

0.008

  Thorax ≥ 3, n (%)

8481 (69.3)

1192 (76.2)

 < 0.001

  Abdomen ≥ 3, n (%)

7110 (58.1)

758 (47.2)

 < 0.001

  Spine ≥ 3, n (%)

1321 (10.8)

239 (13.5)

0.001

  Upper extremity ≥ 3, n (%)

1067 (8.7)

86 (6.0)

 < 0.001

  Pelvis/lower extremity ≥ 3, n (%)

5383 (44.0)

792 (51.5)

 < 0.001

  Surface ≥ 3, n (%)

2 (0.001)

1 (0.001)

1.000

 ISS, median (IQR)

29 (22–41)

29 (22–41)

0.677

Hospital characteristics

 Trauma center level

0.087

  Level 1, n (%)

9108 (74.4)

1186 (71.7)

  Level 2, n (%)

3133 (25.6)

467 (28.3)

 Teaching status

0.004

  University, n (%)

7602 (62.1)

957 (57.9)

  Community, n (%)

3752 (30.7)

565 (34.2)

  Non-teaching, n (%)

887 (7.2)

131 (7.9)