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Table 3 Clinical outcomes of septic patients according to plasma TMAO concentration

From: Paradox of trimethylamine-N-oxide, the impact of malnutrition on microbiota-derived metabolites and septic patients

 

Low TMAO

(< 0.4 μmol/L)

N = 32

Median TMAO

(0.4–2.5 μmol/L)

N = 32

High TMAO

(≥ 2.5 μmol/L)

N = 31

p

value

Primary outcomes

    

 In-hospital, all-cause death

25 (78.1)

20 (62.5)

15 (48.4)

0.050

  Cardiovascular death*

0 (0)

1 (3.1)

5 (16.1)

0.021

  Non-cardiovascular death†

25 (78.1)

19 (59.4)

10 (32.3)

0.001

Secondary outcomes

    

 Acute kidney injury (AKI)

9 (28.1)

13 (40.6)

18 (58.1)

0.054

 AKI required dialysis

3 (9.4)

7 (21.9)

9 (29.0)

0.142

 Weaning success

5 (15.6)

9 (28.1)

14 (45.2)

0.036

 Length of ventilator usage, days

21.5 (12.3–33.0)

15.5 (8.3–28.3)

12.0 (6.0–23.0)

0.039

 Length of ICU stay, days

13.0 (8.3–20.0)

10.5 (6.3–19.5)

10.0 (7.0–16.0)

0.332

 Length of hospitalization, days

21.5 (13.0–34.8)

23.5 (10.5–50.0)

26.0 (19.0–37.0)

0.906

  1. TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide; ICU intensive care unit
  2. *Patients died of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, heart failure, stroke, or CV procedures
  3. †Patients died of other causes, primarily sepsis and terminal cancer