Table 2 Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis to predict all-cause mortality
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval | P-value | Hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval | P-value |
Age (y) | 1.033 | 1.010–1.058 | 0.005 | 1.030 | 1.001–1.060 | 0.043 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.425 | 0.682–2.979 | 0.346 | – | – | – |
Female | 1 (ref) | |||||
Race | 0.862 | – | – | – | ||
African-American | 1 (ref) | |||||
Caucasian | 0.652 | 0.232–1.832 | 0.417 | |||
Hispanic | 0.808 | 0.394–1.654 | 0.559 | |||
Other | 0.916 | 0.206–4.072 | 0.908 | – | – | – |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | 4.621 | 1.627–13.121 | 0.004 | 2.056 | 0.665–6.359 | 0.211 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.533 | 1.248–5.139 | 0.010 | 2.004 | 0.940–4.273 | 0.072 |
COPD | 2.205 | 1.135–4.285 | 0.020 | – | – | – |
CKD | 3.348 | 1.698–6.602 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
ESRD | 0.788 | 0.241–2.574 | 0.693 | – | – | – |
PaO2 (Torr) | 0.991 | 0.975–1.007 | 0.284 | – | – | – |
PaCO2 (Torr) | 1.005 | 0.971–1.040 | 0.789 | – | – | – |
FiO2 (%) | 1.020 | 1.009–1.031 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
PaO2:FiO2 | 0.993 | 0.988–0.997 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
Oxygen delivery device | 0.085 | – | – | – | ||
Room air | – | – | – | |||
Nasal cannula | 0.194 | 0.064–0.587 | 0.004 | |||
HFNC | 0.459 | 0.169–1.242 | 0.125 | |||
BiPaP/CPAP | 0.383 | 0.102–1.441 | 0.156 | |||
Non-rebreather mask | 0.882 | 0.101–7.730 | 0.910 | |||
Endotracheal tube | 1 (ref) | |||||
Onset of symptoms to hospitalization (days) | 1.056 | 1.005–1.109 | 0.032 | – | – | – |
AKI during hospitalization | 9.169 | 3.806–22.085 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
Ichikado CT score | 1.010 | 1.005–1.014 | 0.000 | |||
> 172 | 6.864 | 2.843–16.572 | 0.000 | 3.164–19.095 | 0.000 | |
< 172 | 1 (ref) | 7.772 | ||||
A–a gradient (Torr) | 1.003 | 1.001–1.004 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
SOFA score | 1.189 | 1.054–1.341 | 0.005 | – | – | – |
Absolute neutrophil count × 109/L | 1.123 | 1.060–1.190 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
Absolute lymphocyte count × 109/L | 0.442 | 0.220–0.891 | 0.022 | – | – | – |
NLR | 1.039 | 1.021–1.058 | 0.000 | – | – | – |
Treatment modalities | ||||||
Steroids | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Ascorbic acid | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Thiamine | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Anticoagulation | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Tocilizumab | 1.743 | 0.822–3.693 | 0.147 | – | – | – |
Remdesivir | 1.162 | 0.354–3.811 | 0.805 | – | – | – |
Prone positioning | 1.674 | 0.643–4.359 | 0.291 | – | – | – |
RRT | 0.812 | 0.354–1.860 | 0.622 | – | – | – |
Vasopressor use | 33.935 | 8.113–141.942 | 0.000 | – | – | – |