Table 1 Inclusion criteria for the scoping review summarized according to the Population-Concept-Context (PCC) mnemonic, recommended for scoping reviews [29, 30]

Population

• Healthy adults (testing of target temperature management approaches).

• Patients undergoing target temperature approaches under emergency conditions, including cardiovascular and neurologic emergencies.

• Any gender.

Concept

• Tympanic temperature measurement in the context of target temperature management.

Context

• Testing of target temperature management approaches in healthy subjects; target temperature management in patients in pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency settings.

• Original peer-reviewed research articles (any study design), published in English in the last 20 years.