Source of infection | Patient background / pathology | Expected causative bacteria | Drug examples (see note k) for VCM dose) | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pneumoniaa) | Community-acquired | Other than the reasons listed below | Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila | CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [5] ±AZM 500 mg, every 24 h [5] | See CQ4–3 for Legionella risk. |
After influenza, necrotizing pneumonia | Above + Staphylococcus aureus (including community-acquired MRSA) | See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. | |||
Healthcare-associated/ ventilator-related | Streptococcus pneumoniae, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | “CFPM 2 g, every 8 h, or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h” ±VCM [5],k | Option of community-acquired pneumonia is applicable at an early stage or when there is no risk of resistant bacteria. See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. | ||
Decreased cell-mediated immunity + no prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii + bilateral shadows | Pneumocystis jirovecii | ST trimethoprim 240–320 mg, every 8 h or pentamidine 4 mg/kg, every 24 h [5] | ST: trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day ≒Japanese ST mixture (1 tablet or 1 g of trimethoprim is 80 mg) 3–4 tablets or 3–4 g, every 8 h. | ||
Urinary tract infectionb) | Community-acquired (low risk of ESBL-producing bacteria) | E. coli | CTRX 1–2 g, every 24 h [5] | See CQ4–2 for ESBL-producing bacteria risk. | |
Community-acquired (high risk of ESBL-producing bacteria) | CMZ 1–2 g, every 8 h [7, 8] or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h [9] or MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [5] | ||||
Healthcare-associated | E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. | “TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h or MEPM 1 g, every 8 h” ±VCM [5],k | VCM is added when Gram staining shows Streptococcus-like Gram-positive cocci. | ||
Biliary tract / intra-abdominal infectionc) | Community-acquired (low risk of ESBL-producing bacteria) | E. coli, anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. | SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h [10] or “CTRX 2 g, every 24 h + MNZ 500 mg, every 8 h” [10] | See CQ4–2 for ESBL-producing bacteria risk. Check antibiogram of facility / region to see if SBT / ABPC can be selected. | |
Community-acquired (high risk of ESBL-producing bacteria) | CMZ 1–2 g, every 8 h [10] or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h | ||||
Healthcare-associated | E. coli, anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. ± Candida spp. | “TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h or (CFPM 2 g, every 8 h + MNZ 500 mg, every 8 h) or MEPM 1 g, every 8 h” [5, 10] ±MCFG 100 mg, every 24 h [5] | See CQ4–3 for Candida risk. | ||
Necrotic soft tissue infectiond) | Monomicrobial infection suspected (Gram-positive cocci or Gram-positive rods) | β-hemolytic Streptococci, Clostridium spp., rarely Staphylococcus aureus (including community-acquired MRSA) | “CTRX 2 g, every 24 h or SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h” ±VCM [5],k ±CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h [5] | See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. CLDM is intended for suppressing toxin production in toxic shock syndrome. | |
Polymicrobial infection suspected (diabetic, Fournier’s gangrene) | Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, anerobic bacteria | TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h [5] ±VCM [5],k | |||
Exposure to seawater / freshwater | Aeromonas spp., Vibrio vulnificus | CTRX 2 g, every 24 h +MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [5] | |||
Vertebral osteomyelitis (spondylitis)e | Community-acquired | MSSA, Streptococcus spp., rarely Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli | CEZ 2 g, every 8 h [5] or CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [5] | See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. | |
Healthcare-associated | Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacillus | CFPM 2 g, every 12 h +VCM [5],k | |||
Endocarditisf | Native valve: without MRSA risk | MSSA, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. | SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h [5] or “CTRX 2 g, every 24 h | Select “CTRX+ABPC” when there is a high possibility of enterococcus. Select CTRX 2 g every 12 h if there is an intracranial disseminated lesion. | |
Native-valve: with MRSA risk | Above+MRSA | CTRX 2 g, every 24 h | Select CTRX 2 g every 12 h if there is an intracranial disseminated lesion. See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. | ||
Prosthetic valve or pacemaker | Above+Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gram-negative bacilli | “CTRX 2 g, every 24 h or CFPM 2 g, every 12 h” | |||
Mycotic aneurysmg | Community-acquired/native arteries | Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Gram-negative bacilli | “CFPM 2 g, every 12 h or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h” ±VCMk | See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk. | |
Prosthetic vascular graft infections | Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | “CFPM 1 g, every 8 h or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h or MEPM 1 g, every 8 h” +VCMk | |||
Catheter-related bloodstream infectionsh | Intravascular catheter | Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ±Candida | VCMk +CFPM 2 g, every 8–12 h ±MCFG 100 mg, every 24 h [5] | See CQ4–3 for Candida risk | |
Meningitisi | Community-acquired (in a patient younger than 50 years) | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis | CTRX 2 g, every 12 h | ||
Community-acquired (patient older than 50 years, cell-mediated immunodeficiency) | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes | ABPC 2 g, every 4 h +CTRX 2 g, every 12 h | |||
Post-neurosurgery or shunt-related meningitis | MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | “CAZ or CFPM or MEPM (2 g, every 8 h)” | |||
Unknown or systemic sourcej | Community-acquired (not any of the items listed below) | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis,β-hemolytic streptococcus, E. coli | CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [5] | See section on meningitis if there is a possibility of meningitis | |
Healthcare-associated (not any of the items listed below) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA | “CFPM 2 g, every 8 h or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h or MEPM 2 g, every 8 h” +VCMk | |||
Toxic shock syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus, β-hemolytic streptococcus, Clostridium spp. | “CTRX 2 g, every 24 h or SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h” +CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h ±VCMk | See CQ4–3 for MRSA risk | ||
Rickettsia endemic areas | Japanese spotted fever, scrub typhus | MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [13] | |||
Febrile neutropenia | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA | CFPM 2 g, every 12 h +VCM [5],k | See CQ4–2 for anti-Pseudomonal drugs | ||
After splenectomy | Pneumococcus, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Capnocytophaga spp. | When there is no possibility of meningitis: CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [5] | See section on meningitis if there is a possibility of meningitis | ||
Shock +rash | Purpura fulminans (meningococcus, pneumococcus), Rickettsia spp. | CTRX 2 g, every 12 h +VCM [5] | See section on endocarditis if there is a possibility of endocarditis |