Table 2 Association between physical restraint and sedative and antipsychotic medications use
Variables | Total (n = 101) | Physical restraint during the first 24 to 72 h after admission | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No physical restraint (n = 46) | Intermittent physical restraint (n = 26) | Continuous physical restraint (n = 29) | |||
Sedatives and analgesia (%) | |||||
Midazolam | 12 (11.9) | 5 (10.9) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (17.2) | 0.529 |
Propofol | 30 (29.7) | 4 (8.7) | 10 (38.5) | 16 (55.2) | < 0.001 |
Dexmedetomidine | 33 (32.7) | 5 (10.9) | 10 (38.5) | 18 (62.1) | < 0.001 |
Fentanyl | 25 (24.8) | 9 (19.6) | 5 (19.2) | 11 (37.9) | 0.150 |
Evaluation of RASS | |||||
Maximum RASS score | 0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (− 0.3–1.0) | 1 (− 1.0–1.5) | 0.005 |
Minimum RASS score | − 2.0 (− 4.0 to − 1.0) | − 1.0 (− 1.0 to − 1.0) | − 2.5 (− 4.0 to − 1.0) | − 4 (− 4.0 to − 4.0) | < 0.001 |
RASS score ≥ 1 (%) | 36 (35.6) | 5 (10.9) | 12 (46.2) | 19 (65.5) | < 0.001 |
Duration of RASS score ≥ 1 (h) | 0 (0–3.0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–7.3) | 2.0 (0–10.5) | < 0.001 |
RASS score ≤ − 3 (%) | 49 (48.5) | 9 (19.6) | 13 (50.0) | 27 (93.1) | < 0.001 |
Duration of RASS score ≤ − 3 (h) | 0 (0–40.5) | 0 (0–0) | 0.5 (0–31.0) | 36.0 (14.0–45.0) | < 0.001 |
Antipsychotic medications (%) | 7 (6.9) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (7.7) | 4 (13.8) | 0.153 |
Number of devicesa | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 7.0 (6.8–7.0) | 7.0 (6.5–8.0) | 0.436 |