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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage according to the trajectory of heart rate

From: Dynamic change of heart rate in the acute phase and clinical outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage: a cohort study

Characteristicsa

Total population (n = 332)

Trajectory of heart rate

P value

Group 1: low-stable (n = 174)

Group 2: moderate-stable (n = 126)

Group 3: persistent-high (n = 32)

Demographics

 Age, years

64.3 ± 13.7

64.1 ± 13.7

63.0 ± 13.6

69.9 ± 13.0

0.04

 Male

224 (67.5)

119 (68.4)

83 (65.9)

22 (68.8)

0.89

 Current smoking

69 (20.8)

38 (21.8)

26 (20.6)

5 (15.6)

0.73

Clinical features

 Time from onset to admission, h

5.0 (3.0-24.0)

6.0 (3.0-24.0)

5.0 (3.0-12.0)

6.0 (3.0-16.0)

0.32

 Systolic BP, mmHg

169.2 ± 28.9

162.3 ± 27.2

175.7 ± 28.0

181.0 ± 32.6

< 0.001

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

94.9 ± 16.7

89.9 ± 14.5

100.3 ± 17.2

100.7 ± 17.6

< 0.001

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

1.2 (0.8–1.8)

1.1 (0.9–1.6)

0.005

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.6 (4.1–5.4)

4.5 (4.0–5.2)

4.8 (4.2–5.6)

4.8 (4.2–5.9)

0.01

 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L

2.8 (2.3–3.4)

2.7 (2.2–3.2)

2.9 (2.3–3.7)

2.6 (2.1–3.6)

0.03

 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.2 (1.0–1.6)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

0.01

 Fasting plasma glucose, mol/L

5.9 (5.2–7.0)

5.7 (5.2–6.5)

6.1 (5.3–7.3)

8.5 (6.5–10.2)

< 0.001

 Baseline NIHSS score

8 (3–13)

5 (3–11)

9 (4–13)

24 (15–25)

< 0.001

Medical history

 History of hypertension

275 (82.8)

136 (79.9)

111 (88.1)

25 (78.1)

0.13

 History of diabetes mellitus

41 (12.4)

16 (9.2)

20 (15.9)

5 (15.6)

0.19

 History of stroke

62 (18.7)

27 (15.5)

29 (23.0)

6 (18.8)

0.26

 History of atrial fibrillation

9 (2.7)

2 (1.2)

5 (4.0)

2 (6.3)

0.14

 Antihypertensive medications

220 (66.3)

102 (58.6)

97 (77.0)

21 (65.6)

0.004

CT findings

 Hematoma volume (mL)

10.9 (5.0–23.8)

10.0 (4.8–20.0)

11.4 (5.0–26.4)

36.2 (10.8–80.1)

< 0.001

 Hematoma location

 Lobar

47 (14.2)

29 (16.7)

15 (11.9)

3 (9.4)

0.36

 Basal ganglia

161 (48.5)

85 (48.9)

65 (51.6)

11 (34.4)

0.22

 Thalamus

21 (6.3)

10 (5.8)

11 (8.7)

0 (0.0)

0.17

 Cerebellum

12 (3.6)

7 (4.0)

5 (4.0)

0 (0.0)

0.51

 Brain stem

28 (8.4)

14 (8.1)

8 (6.4)

6 (18.8)

0.08

 Intraventricular extension

63 (19.0)

29 (16.7)

22 (17.5)

12 (37.5)

0.02

 Mean heart rate, bpm

77 (72–86)

72 (68–76)

84 (81–88)

108 (103–120)

< 0.001

 CV of heart rate, bpm

10.1 (7.4–13.9)

10.1 (7.4–13.2)

9.9 (6.8–12.7)

12.8 (9.0–16.1)

0.02

  1. BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; CV, coefficient of variation
  2. aContinuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Categorical variables are expressed as number (%)