Upper limb muscle atrophy associated with in-hospital mortality and physical function impairments in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a two-center prospective observational study

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Variables	Overall (n = 64)
Age, years (mean [SD])	70 ± 13
Sex (men), n (%)	43 (67)
Body mass index, kg/m²	22.6 (20.4–25.9)
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II	27 (22–30)
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment	8 (5–10)
Sepsis defined by sepsis-3 criteria	34 (53)
Length of mechanical ventilation, days	6 (4–13)
Length of ICU stay, days	10 (6–16)
Length of hospital stay, days	38 (18–57)
Mortality in the ICU, n (%)	13 (20)
Mortality in the hospital, n (%)	21 (33)
ICU admission reasons, n (%)
Respiratory failure	27 (42)
Sepsis, non-respiratory	9 (14)
Post-cardiac surgery	7 (11)
Heart failure	5 (8)
Trauma	5 (8)
Cardiac arrest	5 (8)
Neurologic	3 (5)
Other	3 (5)
Comorbidities^a, n (%)
Diabetes mellitus	15 (23)
Cancer	7 (11)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases	2 (3)
Medications, n (%)
Opioid	55 (86)
Midazolam	32 (50)
Dexmedetomidine	33 (52)
Propofol	18 (28)
Catecholamine^b	40 (63)
Steroids^c	22 (34)
Neuromuscular blocking agents^d	9 (14)
Aminoglycoside	2 (3)
Nutrition^e
Calorie, kcal/kg
Day 3	8.6 (3.5–13.1)
Day 5	13.1 (8.3–18.7)
Day 7	13.3 (8.0–17.3)
Protein, g/kg
Day 3	0.4 (0.2–0.8)
Day 5	0.7 (0.3–1.0)
Day 7	0.6 (0.3–1.0)
ICU mobility scale
Day 3	0 (0–1)
Day 5	0 (0–1)
Day 7	1 (0–1)

Data were presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated
SD standard deviation, ICU intensive care unit
^aPresence of comorbidities at the ICU admission
^bCatecholamines including dopamine, dobutamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline ^cCorticosteroids with intravenous or peroral use
^dNeuromuscular blocking agents with continuous use
^eEnteral and parenteral nutrition

ISSN: 2052-0492