|
Age, mean (SD)
|
74.5 (13.1)
|
73.7 (13.0)
|
0.06
|
74.2 (13.2)
|
74.4 (12.9)
|
0.02
|
|
Age category
| | |
0.09
| | |
0.06
|
|
10–19
|
1 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
1 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
| |
|
20–29
|
7 (0.7)
|
6 (0.5)
| |
5 (0.5)
|
4 (0.4)
| |
|
30–39
|
19 (1.8)
|
23 (2.0)
| |
19 (1.7)
|
19 (1.7)
| |
|
40–49
|
30 (2.8)
|
39 (3.4)
| |
31 (2.8)
|
27 (2.5)
| |
|
50–59
|
91 (8.6)
|
96 (8.5)
| |
82 (7.5)
|
88 (8.1)
| |
|
60–69
|
198 (18.7)
|
207 (18.3)
| |
196 (18.0)
|
196 (18.0)
| |
|
70–79
|
324 (30.6)
|
342 (30.2)
| |
308 (28.3)
|
301 (27.7)
| |
|
80–89
|
326 (30.8)
|
365 (32.3)
| |
364 (33.5)
|
366 (33.6)
| |
|
90–99
|
62 (5.9)
|
52 (4.6)
| |
80 (7.4)
|
85 (7.8)
| |
|
100–
|
0 (0.0)
|
1 (0.1)
| |
2 (0.2)
|
2 (0.2)
| |
|
Sex (female), n (%)
|
615 (50.1)
|
891 (47.4)
|
0.05
|
545 (50.1)
|
542 (49.8)
|
0.01
|
|
ICU admission, n (%)
|
449 (36.6)
|
867 (46.1)
|
0.20
|
414 (38.1)
|
434 (39.9)
|
0.04
|
|
HCU admission, n (%)
|
52 (4.2)
|
99 (5.3)
|
0.05
|
50 (4.6)
|
50 (4.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hospital type (academic center), n (%)
|
240 (19.6)
|
606 (32.3)
|
0.29
|
239 (22.0)
|
206 (18.9)
|
0.08
|
|
Hospital volume, case/year mean (SD)
|
5.5 (4.9)
|
7.2 (7.4)
|
0.27
|
5.7 (5.1)
|
5.7 (5.2)
|
0.01
|
|
Comorbidity,n(%)
|
|
Myocardial infarction
|
16 (1.3)
|
17 (0.9)
|
0.04
|
11 (1.0)
|
9 (0.8)
|
0.02
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
70 (5.7)
|
130 (6.9)
|
0.05
|
65 (6.0)
|
58 (5.3)
|
0.03
|
|
Peripheral vascular disease
|
16 (1.3)
|
26 (1.4)
|
0.01
|
14 (1.3)
|
13 (1.2)
|
0.01
|
|
Cerebrovascular disease
|
58 (4.7)
|
72 (3.8)
|
0.04
|
47 (4.3)
|
46 (4.2)
|
0.01
|
|
Dementia
|
34 (2.8)
|
48 (2.6)
|
0.01
|
28 (2.6)
|
27 (2.5)
|
0.01
|
|
Chronic pulmonary disease
|
41 (3.3)
|
52 (2.8)
|
0.03
|
30 (2.8)
|
36 (3.3)
|
0.03
|
|
Mild liver disease
|
37 (3.0)
|
70 (3.7)
|
0.04
|
33 (3.0)
|
32 (2.9)
|
0.01
|
|
Severe liver disease
|
1 (0.1)
|
7 (0.4)
|
0.06
|
1 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
|
0.04
|
|
Rheumatologic disease
|
30 (2.4)
|
42 (2.2)
|
0.01
|
25 (2.3)
|
24 (2.2)
|
0.006
|
|
Hemiplegia or paraplegia
|
2 (0.2)
|
3 (0.2)
|
0.001
|
2 (0.2)
|
1 (0.1)
|
0.03
|
|
Diabetes without chronic complications
|
120 (9.8)
|
182 (9.7)
|
0.003
|
104 (9.6)
|
95 (8.7)
|
0.03
|
|
Diabetes with chronic complications
|
23 (1.9)
|
43 (2.3)
|
0.03
|
20 (1.8)
|
21 (1.9)
|
0.007
|
|
Renal disease
|
71 (5.8)
|
183 (9.7)
|
0.15
|
69 (6.3)
|
69 (6.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Any malignancy, including leukemia and lymphoma
|
207 (16.9)
|
300 (16.0)
|
0.02
|
188 (17.3)
|
184 (16.9)
|
0.01
|
|
Metastatic solid tumor
|
66 (5.4)
|
96 (5.1)
|
0.01
|
61 (5.6)
|
58 (5.3)
|
0.01
|
|
Consciousness level, n (%)
|
|
Alert
|
925 (75.4)
|
1308 (69.6)
|
0.13
|
808 (74.3)
|
813 (74.7)
|
0.01
|
|
Delirium
|
178 (14.5)
|
324 (17.2)
|
0.08
|
167 (15.3)
|
166 (15.3)
|
0.003
|
|
Somnolence
|
50 (4.1)
|
100 (5.3)
|
0.06
|
43 (4.0)
|
48 (4.4)
|
0.02
|
|
Coma
|
55 (4.5)
|
115 (6.1)
|
0.07
|
53 (4.9)
|
48 (4.4)
|
0.02
|
|
Intervention, n (%)
|
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
667 (54.4)
|
1258 (67.0)
|
0.26
|
625 (57.4)
|
638 (58.6)
|
0.02
|
|
Intermittent renal replacement therapy
|
176 (14.3)
|
364 (19.4)
|
0.14
|
170 (15.6)
|
177 (16.3)
|
0.02
|
|
Continuous renal replacement therapy
|
23 (1.9)
|
64 (3.4)
|
0.10
|
21 (1.9)
|
21 (1.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Polymyxin B hemoperfusion
|
306 (24.9)
|
552 (29.4)
|
0.10
|
284 (26.1)
|
284 (26.1)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Central venous insertion
|
350 (28.5)
|
783 (41.7)
|
0.28
|
335 (30.8)
|
345 (31.7)
|
0.02
|
|
Catecholamine, n (%)
|
|
Dopamine
|
948 (77.3)
|
1213 (64.6)
|
0.28
|
809 (74.4)
|
820 (75.4)
|
0.02
|
|
Noradrenaline
|
660 (53.8)
|
1324 (70.5)
|
0.35
|
641 (58.9)
|
631 (58.0)
|
0.02
|
|
Vasopressin
|
47 (3.8)
|
143 (7.6)
|
0.16
|
47 (4.3)
|
47 (4.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Adrenaline
|
69 (5.6)
|
122 (6.5)
|
0.04
|
65 (6.0)
|
68 (6.2)
|
0.01
|
|
Transfusion,n(%)
|
|
Red cell transfusion
|
379 (30.9)
|
733 (39.0)
|
0.17
|
361 (33.2)
|
369 (33.9)
|
0.02
|
|
Platelets transfusion
|
54 (4.4)
|
142 (7.6)
|
0.13
|
52 (4.8)
|
58 (5.3)
|
0.03
|
|
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion
|
327 (26.7)
|
471 (25.1)
|
0.04
|
288 (26.5)
|
292 (26.8)
|
0.01
|
|
Antithrombin, n (%)
|
245 (20.0)
|
463 (24.6)
|
0.11
|
234 (21.5)
|
232 (21.3)
|
0.004
|
|
Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, n (%)
|
198 (16.1)
|
383 (20.4)
|
0.11
|
190 (17.5)
|
192 (17.6)
|
0.005
|
|
Immunoglobulin, n (%)
|
457 (37.2)
|
735 (39.1)
|
0.04
|
428 (39.3)
|
393 (36.1)
|
0.07
|
|
Albumin, n (%)
|
823 (67.1)
|
1369 (72.9)
|
0.13
|
738 (67.8)
|
753 (69.2)
|
0.03
|
|
Danaparoid, n (%)
|
6 (0.5)
|
22 (1.2)
|
0.08
|
6 (0.6)
|
10 (0.9)
|
0.04
|
|
Low-molecular-weight heparin, n (%)
|
11 (0.9)
|
27 (1.4)
|
0.05
|
11 (1.0)
|
14 (1.3)
|
0.03
|
|
Hydrocortisone, n (%)
|
155 (12.6)
|
340 (18.1)
|
0.15
|
145 (13.3)
|
145 (13.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Initial antibiotics use, n (%)
|
|
Initial use of two or more
|
342 (27.9)
|
568 (30.2)
|
0.05
|
320 (29.4)
|
329 (30.2)
|
0.02
|
|
Penicillin
|
0 (0.0)
|
2 (0.1)
|
0.05
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Ampicillin
|
0 (0.0)
|
2 (0.1)
|
0.05
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Ampicillin/sulbactam
|
27 (2.2)
|
46 (2.4)
|
0.02
|
25 (2.3)
|
27 (2.5)
|
0.01
|
|
Piperacillin/tazobactam
|
88 (7.2)
|
217 (11.5)
|
0.15
|
86 (7.9)
|
97 (8.9)
|
0.04
|
|
First-generation cephalosporin
|
47 (3.8)
|
66 (3.5)
|
0.02
|
42 (3.9)
|
45 (4.1)
|
0.01
|
|
Second-generation cephalosporin
|
499 (40.7)
|
573 (30.5)
|
0.21
|
418 (38.4)
|
419 (38.5)
|
0.002
|
|
Third-generation cephalosporin without effect for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
43 (3.5)
|
53 (2.8)
|
0.04
|
40 (3.7)
|
41 (3.8)
|
0.01
|
|
Third-generation cephalosporin with effect for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
3 (0.2)
|
8 (0.4)
|
0.03
|
3 (0.3)
|
3 (0.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Fourth-generation cephalosporin
|
30 (2.4)
|
44 (2.3)
|
0.01
|
29 (2.7)
|
27 (2.5)
|
0.01
|
|
Carbapenem
|
753 (61.4)
|
1306 (69.5)
|
0.17
|
703 (64.6)
|
690 (63.4)
|
0.03
|
|
Fluoroquinolone
|
7 (0.6)
|
11 (0.6)
|
0.002
|
6 (0.6)
|
5 (0.5)
|
0.01
|
|
Aminoglycoside
|
18 (1.5)
|
18 (1.0)
|
0.05
|
16 (1.5)
|
13 (1.2)
|
0.02
|
|
Clindamycin
|
50 (4.7)
|
40 (3.5)
|
0.06
|
41 (3.8)
|
45 (4.1)
|
0.02
|
|
Tetracycline
|
1 (0.1)
|
5 (0.3)
|
0.04
|
1 (0.1)
|
2 (0.2)
|
0.03
|
|
Macrolide
|
0 (0.0)
|
7 (0.4)
|
0.09
|
0 (0.0)
|
0 (0.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Anti-MRSA drug
|
20 (1.6)
|
62 (3.3)
|
0.11
|
20 (1.8)
|
20 (1.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Antifungal drug
|
4 (0.3)
|
14 (0.7)
|
0.06
|
4 (0.4)
|
5 (0.5)
|
0.02
|
