Table 1 Case mix characteristics for admissions to ICU with suspected infection (by sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 definitions)
Sepsis-2 | Sepsis-3 | Sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 | Sepsis-2 and no sepsis-3 | No sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 | No sepsis-2 and no sepsis-3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n = 530 | n = 569 | n = 501 | n = 29 | n = 68 | n = 20 | |
Age at admission (year) | 72 (60–81) | 72 (60–81) | 73 (61–81) | 69 (57–75) | 66 (57–81) | 70 (55–79) | |
Gender (male) | 299 (56.4) | 318 (55.9) | 281 (56.1) | 18 (62.1) | 37 (54.4) | 13 (65.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.8 (19.4–24.3) | 21.9 (19.3–24.3) | 21.9 (19.5–24.3) | 21.3 (19.3–24.2) | 21.8 (18.3–24.2) | 23.4 (19.2–26.3) | |
Admission source | Emergency department | 304 (57.4) | 317 (55.7) | 285 (56.9) | 19 (65.5) | 32 (47.1) | 14 (70.0) |
Non–ED (hospital/dept. transfers) | 204 (38.5) | 230 (40.4) | 200 (39.9) | 4 (13.8) | 30 (44.1) | 2 (10.0) | |
Intensive care unit | 22 (4.2) | 22 (3.9) | 16 (3.2) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (8.8) | 4 (20.0) | |
Charlson comorbidity index | 0 | 156 (29.4) | 169 (29.7) | 147 (29.3) | 9 (31.0) | 22 (32.3) | 8 (40.0) |
1–2 | 227 (42.8) | 249 (43.8) | 214 (42.7) | 13 (44.8) | 35 (51.5) | 8 (40.0) | |
3–4 | 104 (19.6) | 105 (18.5) | 99 (19.8) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (8.8) | 2 (10.0) | |
> 4 | 43 (8.1) | 46 (8.1) | 41 (8.2) | 2 (6.9) | 5 (7.4) | 2 (10.0) | |
Clinical Frailty Scale | Fit (CFS 1–3) | 269 (50.9) | 289 (50.8) | 249 (49.8) | 20 (71.4) | 40 (58.8) | 12 (60.0) |
Pre–frail (CFS 4) | 90 (17.0) | 100 (17.6) | 89 (17.8) | 1 (3.6) | 11 (16.2) | 4 (20.0) | |
Frail (CFS 5–9) | 169 (32.0) | 179 (31.5) | 162 (32.4) | 87(25.0) | 17 (25.0) | 4 (20.0) | |
Immuno–insufficiency at APACHE II | 110 (20.8) | 111 (19.6) | 101 (20.2) | 9 (31.0) | 10 (14.9) | 3 (15.0) | |
Baseline SOFA for sepsis-3 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 4 (0–8) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–3) | |
Glasgow Coma Scale | 12 (7–14) | 12 (7–15) | 11 (7–14) | 14 (11–15) | 14 (10–15) | 15 (14–15) | |
Intubated | 225 (42.6) | 226 (39.7) | 212 (42.3) | 13 (44.8) | 14 (20.6) | 5 (26.3) | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 102 (82–126) | 105 (84–128) | 101 (82–125) | 122 (107–143) | 122 (107–141) | 123 (111–143) | |
Heat rate (/min) | 107 (90–124) | 107 (89–122) | 108 (91–124) | 93 (82–108) | 90 (80–108) | 90 (79–106) | |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 24 (19–30) | 24 (19–30) | 24 (19–30) | 19 (17–24) | 20 (18–26) | 20 (19–25) | |
Body temperature (°C) | 37.3 (36.5–38.5) | 37.4 (36.5–38.4) | 37.4 (36.5–38.5) | 37.1 (36.3–38.5) | 37.5 (36.8–38.3) | 37.7 (36.7–38.3) | |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.9 (1.7–4.9) | 2.7 (1.5–4.7) | 3.1 (1.7–5.1) | 2.1 (1.4–2.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 1.0 (0.9–1.6) | |
Positive blood cultures | 252 (50.0) | 261 (48.4) | 245 (51.3) | 7 (26.9) | 16 (23.5) | 4 (23.5) | |
Site of infection | Lung | 200 (37.7) | 208 (36.6) | 192 (38.3) | 8 (27.6) | 16 (23.5) | 8 (40.0) |
Abdomen | 111 (20.9) | 119 (20.9) | 101 (20.2) | 10 (34.5) | 18 (26.5) | 2 (10.0) | |
Urinary tract | 91 (17.2) | 101 (17.8) | 89 (17.8) | 2 (6.9) | 12 (17.7) | 3 (15.0) | |
Soft tissue | 65 (12.3) | 70 (12.3) | 60 (12.0) | 5 (17.2) | 10 (14.7) | 6 (30.0) | |
Central nervous system | 11 (2.1) | 13 (2.3) | 10 (2.0) | 1 (3.5) | 3 (4.4) | 1 (5.0) | |
Intravenous catheter | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 4 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Osteoarticular | 4 (0.8) | 6 (1.1) | 4 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (2.9) | 0 | |
Endocardium | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Wound | 5 (0.9) | 5 (0.9) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (3.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
Implant device | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Other | 14 (2.6) | 16 (2.8) | 13 (2.6) | 1 (3.5) | 3 (4.4) | 0 | |
Unidentified | 22 (4.2) | 24 (4.2) | 21 (4.2) | 1 (3.5) | 3 (4.4) | 0 | |
Organ dysfunction on arrival | Acute lung injury with pneumonia | 127 (24.0) | 124 (21.8) | 124 (24.8) | 3 (10.3) | 0 | 0 |
Acute lung injury without pneumonia | 96 (18.2) | 99 (17.5) | 94 (18.8) | 2 (7.1) | 5 (7.4) | 0 | |
ARDS (Berlin criteria) | 57 (10.9) | 60 (10.7) | 56 (11.3) | 1 (3.6) | 4 (6.0) | 0 | |
Mechanical ventilation use | 227 (43.0) | 230 (40.6) | 215 (43.1) | 12 (41.4) | 15 (22.1) | 4 (22.2) | |
Urine output (ml/24 h) | 896 (404–1488) | 910 (407–1503) | 873 (395–1440) | 1220 (787–1767) | 1147 (723–1770) | 1300 (930–1830) | |
Oliguria | 238 (45.1) | 231 (40.8) | 226 (45.3) | 12 (41.4) | 5 (7.4) | 3 (15.0) | |
Acute kidney injury in APACHE II | 257 (48.7) | 263 (46.4) | 251 (50.3) | 6 (20.7) | 12 (17.7) | 0 | |
Sepsis-2 shock criteria | 297 (56.0) | 288 (50.6) | 288 (57.5) | 9 (31.0) | 0 | 0 | |
Sepsis-3 shock criteria | 108 (20.4) | 107 (18.8) | 106 (21.2) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
SIRS ≥ 2 | 530 (100) | 549 (96.5) | 501 (100) | 29 (100) | 48 (70.6) | 14 (70.0) | |
qSOFA ≥ 2 | 345 (65.1) | 356 (62.6) | 336 (67.1) | 9 (31.0) | 20 (29.4) | 3 (15.0) | |
SOFA score | 8 (5–11) | 8 (5–11) | 8 (6–11) | 5 (1–8) | 4 (3–5) | 1 (1–2) | |
APACHE II score | 21 (15–28) | 20 (15–27) | 21 (16–28) | 13 (10–18) | 14 (10–17) | 11 (7–14) | |