Table 2 Patients’ characteristics at ICU admission

Hospital stay time, days

11.50 [6.80, 19.90]

11.90 [7.10, 20.20]

10.95 [6.40, 19.60]

< 0.001

ICU stay time, days

3.50 [1.90, 7.70]

3.90 [2.00, 9.00]

3.00[1.80, 6.30]

< 0.001

30-day mortality, n (%)

976 (19.57)

449 (17.87)

527 (21.30)

0.003

Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

437 (8.76)

228 (9.07)

209 (8.45)

0.465

Vasopressor

1476 (29.60)

899 (35.77)

577 (23.32)

< 0.001

First care unit,n(%)

< 0.001

 CCU

576 (11.55)

343 (13.65)

233 (9.42)

 CSRU

576 (11.55)

353 (14.05)

223 (9.01)

 MICU

2459 (49.31)

1164 (46.32)

1295 (52.34)

 SICU

773 (15.50)

360 (14.33)

413 (16.69)

 TSICU

603 (12.09)

293 (11.66)

310 (12.53)

Severe Score^b

 Modified SOFA

4.60 ± 2.87

5.21 ± 2.77

3.98 ± 2.84

< 0.001

 Modified SAPSII

38.54 ± 12.04

39.63 ± 11.99

37.44 ± 11.99

< 0.001

Vital signs^c

 Mean heartrate (min⁻¹)

89.27 ± 16.33

89.29 ± 16.12

89.25 ± 16.54

0.933

 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

74.46 ± 9.91

73.31 ± 8.66

75.63 ± 10.91

< 0.001

 Mean respiratory rate (min⁻¹)

20.08 ± 4.15

20.08 ± 4.00

20.07 ± 4.31

0.948

 Mean temperature (°C)

36.93 ± 0.67

36.98 ± 0.69

36.87 ± 0.66

< 0.001

 Mean SpO2 (%)

97.3 [96.0, 98.5]

97.3 [96.0, 98.5]

97.3 [96.0, 98.5]

0.092

Laboratory tests^d

 Lactate (mmol/L)

1.6 [1.1, 2.4]

1.6 [1.1, 2.5]

1.5 [1.1, 2.2]

< 0.001

 PCO₂ (mmHg)

40 [35.0, 46.5]

40 [35,46]

40 [35,47]

0.898

 PO₂ (mmHg)

110 [75, 195]

117 [77, 217]

103 [73, 175]

< 0.001

 PH

7.371 ± 0.095

7.364 ± 0.098

7.378 ± 0.092

< 0.001

 Creatinine (K/uL)

1.1 [0.8, 1.7]

1.1 [0.8, 1.7]

1.1 [0.8, 1.6]

0.002

 BUN (K/uL)

23 [15, 37]

23 [16, 37]

23 [15, 38]

0.087

 ALT^e

1.4 [1.2, 1.7]

1.4 [1.2, 1.7]

1.4 [1.2, 1.7]

0.224

 AST^f

1.5 [1.3, 1.8]

1.5 [1.3, 1.8]

1.5 [1.3, 1.8]

0.208

 Bilirubin (EU/dL)

0.6 [0.4, 1.2]

0.7 [0.4, 1.3]

0.6 [0.4, 1.1]

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.49 ± 2.23

11.50 ± 2.27

11.49 ± 2.19

0.890

 Platelet (K/uL)

227 [159.5, 306.0]

220 [154, 304]

232 [167, 308]

0.003

 Potassium (K/uL)

4.2 [3.8, 4.6]

4.1 [3.8, 4.6]

4.2 [3.8, 4.7]

0.208

 Sodium (K/uL)

138 [135, 141]

138 [135, 141]

138 [135, 141]

0.687

 PT (s)

13.9 [12.9,16.2]

14.1 [13.0,16.3]

13.8 [12.8,16.0]

< 0.001

 RDW (%)

14.8 [13.7, 16.4]

14.8 [13.7, 16.5]

14.7 [13.7, 16.4]

0.359

 WBC (K/uL)

10.70 [7.30, 15.25]

10.60 [7.30, 15.30]

10.80 [7.30, 11.50]

0.751

 Lymphocyte (%)

9.4 [5.6, 16.0]

9.1 [5.4, 15.9]

9.6 [5.8, 16.3]

0.086

 Neutrophil (%)

81.2 [72, 88]

81.3 [71.9, 88.0]

81.15 [72.13, 88.00]

0.342

 MCV (fL)

90 [86, 95]

90 [86, 94]

91 [86,95]

0.002

Infection site,n(%)

 Urine

2221 (44.54)

997 (39.67)

1224 (49.47)

< 0.001

 Blood

1319 (26.45)

679 (27.02)

640 (25.87)

0.374

 Lung

1915 (38.40)

1090 (43.37)

825 (33.35)

< 0.001

 Catheter

249 (4.99)

135 (5.37)

114 (4.61)

0.241

 Gastrointestinal tract

302 (6.06)

148 (5.89)

154 (6.22)

0.662

 Abdominal cavity

113 (2.27)

58 (2.31)

55 (2.22)

0.914

 Skin/soft tissue

828 (16.60)

404 (16.08)

424 (17.14)

0.332

 Others

170 (3.41)

102 (4.06)

68 (2.75)

0.013

Microorganisms,n(%)

 Gram-positive

2502 (50.17)

1237 (49.22)

1265 (51.13)

0.187

 Gram-negative

1986 (39.82)

1002 (39.87)

984 (39.77)

0.966

 Fungus

1522 (30.52)

823 (32.75)

699 (28.25)

< 0.001