Fig. 2

a Changes in the annual number of IHCA patients treated with ECPR. The dotted line indicates the time when RRS is introduced. The number of IHCA–ECPR significantly increased by 2.4-fold after the RRS introduction (before RRS [2003–2011] vs. after RRS [2012–2017], 4.9 ± 1.4 vs. 12 ± 1.7 cases/year, P = 0.005). The error bars indicate the SEM. b Change in LFD over time. LFD in the IHCA–ECPR significantly decreased over time in the study period (slope = −5.39 [min/3 years], P < 0.0001). The error bars indicate the SEM. c Change in the duration of cannulation over time. The duration of cannulation was not shortened over time (slope = − 0.11 [min/3 years], P = 0.90). The error bars indicate the SEM. d LFD according to the cannulation location. LFD was shorter in the ICU, catheter laboratory, and ER than that in the general ward, imaging laboratory, and outpatient unit. The numbers of cases are 45 (ICU), 26 (catheter laboratory), 24 (general ward), 12 (ER), 6 (operating room), 3 (imaging laboratory), and 1 (outpatient unit). The error bars indicate the SEM