Table 2 The relationship of changes in diaphragm and intercostal muscle thickness with patient characteristics, medications, and ventilator mode
Variables | Change in diaphragm thickness | Change in intercostal muscle thickness | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased thickness (n = 50) | Unchanged (n = 15) | Increased thickness (n = 15) | p value | Decreased thickness (n = 48) | Unchanged (n = 17) | Increased thickness (n = 15) | p value | |
Age, mean ± SD, year | 69 ± 2 | 69 ± 3 | 61 ± 3 | 0.10 | 70 ± 2 | 64 ± 3 | 66 ± 3 | 0.32 |
Male/female | 34/16 | 10/5 | 10/5 | 0.99 | 32/16 | 13/4 | 9/6 | 0.60 |
Body mass index, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 23 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | 0.72 | 23 ± 1a | 26 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | < 0.01 |
APACHE II score | 23 (18–29) | 22 (20–31) | 26 (22–32) | 0.62 | 25 (17–30) | 22 (17–27) | 26 (22–32) | 0.35 |
SOFA, mean in the first 3 days | 9 (6–12) | 8 (4–9) | 10 (5–14) | 0.33 | 9 (5–12) | 7 (5–9) | 9 (6–14) | 0.22 |
Sepsis (sepsis-3 criteria), n (%) | 22 (44) | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | 0.43 | 18 (38) | 6 (35) | 7 (47) | 0.77 |
Surgical admissions, n (%) | 19 (38) | 3 (20) | 6 (40) | 0.40 | 18 (38) | 3 (18) | 7 (47) | 0.19 |
Medications, n (%) | ||||||||
Catecholamine* | 35 (70) | 11 (73) | 10 (67) | 0.92 | 35 (73) | 10 (59) | 11 (73) | 0.53 |
Neuromuscular blocking agents† | 7 (14) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.25 | 6 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (7) | 0.66 |
Steroids‡ | 18 (36) | 5 (33) | 2 (13) | 0.25 | 18 (38) | 3 (18) | 4 (27) | 0.29 |
Aminoglycoside | 1 (2) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0.47 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 0.46 |
Opioid | 44 (88) | 13 (87) | 11 (73) | 0.37 | 42 (88) | 16 (94) | 10 (67) | 0.07 |
Midazolam | 18 (36) | 7 (46) | 7 (47) | 0.64 | 20 (42) | 7 (41) | 5 (33) | 0.84 |
Dexmedetomidine | 24 (48) | 6 (40) | 4 (27) | 0.33 | 23 (48) | 4 (24) | 7 (47) | 0.20 |
Propofol | 8 (16) | 3 (20) | 6 (40) | 0.14 | 7 (15) | 7 (41) | 3 (20) | 0.07 |
Ventilatory settings during first 3 days | ||||||||
Controlled (ACV)/partial assist (PSV) | 47/3 | 14/1 | 14/1 | 0.96 | 46/2 | 15/2 | 14/1 | 0.76 |
Set inspiratory pressure above PEEP | 12 (10–12) | 10 (10–12) | 12 (10–14) | 0.28 | 12 (10–13)a | 10 (10–12) | 12 (10–14)a | 0.02 |
PEEP, cmH2O | 8 (6–10) | 8 (6–10) | 6 (6–8) | 0.31 | 8 (6–10) | 8 (7–11) | 8 (6–8) | 0.11 |
Tidal volume/PBW, mL/kg | 8.2 (7.3–9.6) | 8.6 (7.6–10.2) | 7.8 (7.2–9.7) | 0.52 | 8.2 (7.2–9.7) | 8.0 (7.8–9.7) | 8.1 (7.2–9.7) | 0.90 |