Table 1 Patient and institution characteristics
Parameters | Development cohort | Validation cohort | Total cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 288) | (N = 244) | (N = 532) | ||||
Male, n (%) | 144 | (50.0%) | 126 | (51.6%) | 270 | (50.8%) |
Age, years, median (IQR) | 79 (69–87) | 79 (64–87) | 79 (67–87) | |||
< 60, n (%) | 37 | (12.8%) | 42 | (19.3%) | 79 | (14.8%) |
60–69 | 35 | (12.2%) | 37 | (15.2%) | 72 | (13.5%) |
70–79 | 76 | (26.4%) | 48 | (19.7%) | 124 | (23.3%) |
≥ 80 | 140 | (48.6%) | 117 | (48.0%) | 257 | (48.3%) |
Activities of daily living | ||||||
Independent n (%) | 190 | (66.0%) | 178 | (73.0%) | 368 | (69.2%) |
Disturbance | 96 | (33.3%) | 66 | (27.0%) | 162 | (30.5%) |
Missing | 2 | (0.7%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 2 | (0.4%) |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 126 | (43.8%) | 111 | (45.5%) | 237 | (44.5%) |
Neurological diseases | 53 | (18.4%) | 40 | (16.4%) | 93 | (17.5%) |
Endocrine diseases | 83 | (28.8%) | 47 | (19.3%) | 130 | (24.4%) |
Psychiatric diseases | 55 | (19.1%) | 63 | (25.8%) | 118 | (22.2%) |
Malignant diseases | 12 | (4.2%) | 4 | (1.6%) | 16 | (3.0%) |
Dementia | 57 | (19.8%) | 51 | (20.9%) | 108 | (20.3%) |
Other | 56 | (19.4%) | 38 | (15.6%) | 94 | (17.7%) |
External and minimally invasive rewarming | ||||||
Warm intravenous fluid, n (%) | 223 | (77.4%) | 168 | (68.9%) | 391 | (73.5%) |
Forced warm air | 80 | (27.8%) | 4 | (1.6%) | 84 | (15.8%) |
Warm environment, blanket | 242 | (84.0%) | 222 | (91.0%) | 464 | (87.2%) |
Other | 23 | (8.0%) | 15 | (6.1%) | 38 | (7.1%) |
Active internal rewarming | ||||||
Lavage, n (%) | 29 | (10.1%) | 15 | (6.1%) | 44 | (8.3%) |
CHDF | 4 | (1.4%) | 17 | (7.0%) | 21 | (3.9%) |
VV-ECMO | 0 | (0.0%) | 2 | (0.8%) | 2 | (0.4%) |
VA-ECMO | 3 | (1.0%) | 17 | (7.0%) | 20 | (3.8%) |
In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 64 | (22.2%) | 66 | (27.0%) | 130 | (24.4%) |
Institution | ||||||
CCMC, n (%) | 4 | (66.7%) | 4 | (66.7%) | 8 | (66.7%) |
ED visit, median (IQR) | 19,651 (12,076–28,439) | 20,798 (12,319–28,801) | 19,651 (13,252–27,811) | |||
Number of beds, median (IQR) | 640 (513–825) | 374 (331–512) | 510 (364–668) | |||