Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 75)

 Men^a

51

(68.0)

19

(70.3)

32

(66.7)

0.741

 Women^a

24

(32.0)

8

(29.6)

16

(33.3)

 Age (years)

77

(63–84)

69

(57–78)

81

(65.5–84.5)

0.016

 SBP (mmHg)

130

(115–147)

132

(122–146)

129

(105–150)

0.540

 RR (breaths/min)

24

(19–30)

24

(20–26)

25

(18–30)

0.268

 HR (beats/min)

105

(91–120)

96

(84–108)

109.5

(96–128)

0.006

 GCS< 15, no.(%)^a

37

(49.3)

3

(11.1)

34

(70.8)

< 0.001

 BT (°C)

37.9

(36.8–38.9)

37.8

(36.7–38.4)

37.9

(37.1–39.2)

0.279

 SpO₂ (%)

96

(93–98)

96

(94–98)

95

(91.5–97)

0.034

 Respiratory^a

35

(46.7)

8

(29.6)

27

(56.2)

0.027

 Urinary^a

14

(18.6)

5

(18.5)

9

(18.7)

0.980

 Abdominal^a

19

(25.3)

10

(37.0)

9

(18.7)

0.080

 Cutaneous^a

5

(6.7)

4

(14.8)

1

(2.0)

0.034

 Neurological^a

1

(1.3)

0

0.0

1

(2.0)

0.450

 Bone and joints^a

1

(1.3)

0

0.0

1

(2.0)

0.450

 Others^a

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

–

 Respiratory system^a

40

(53.3)

5

(18.5)

35

(72.9)

< 0.001

 Coagulation

18

(24.0)

0

0.0

18

(37.5)

< 0.001

 Hepatic system

26

(34.6)

6

(22.2)

20

(41.6)

0.089

 Cardiovascular system

10

(13.3)

0

0.0

10

(20.8)

0.011

 Cental nervous system

37

(49.3)

3

(11.1)

34

(70.8)

< 0.001

 Renal system

22

(29.3)

1

(3.7)

21

(43.7)

< 0.001

 WBC (/μL)

11,350

(8800–14,300)

12,510

(9620–17,500)

11,030

(8595–13,325)

0.294

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.92

(0.74–1.28)

0.81

(0.73–0.92)

0.99

(0.77–1.62)

0.006

 Bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.9

(0.6–1.4)

0.7

(0.5–1.1)

1.05

(0.6–1.75)

0.067

 Platelets (103/μL)

19.4

(13.5–23.4)

21.4

(18.4–25.5)

18.4

(10.8–22.2)

0.009

 Lactate (mmol/L)

1.8

(1.24–2.68)

1.4

(1.1–1.6)

1.99

(1.51–3.07)

< 0.001

 Q-CRT (s)

3.143

(2.009–5.868)

2.207

(1.591–3.269)

3.923

(2.529–6.694)

< 0.001

 Q-CRT > 3.5, no.(%)^a

33

(44.0)

5

(18.5)

28

(58.3)

0.001

 SIRS ≧ 2, no.(%)

55

(73.3)

16

(59.2)

39

(81.2)

0.039

 qSOFA ≧ 2, no. (%)

32

(42.6)

0

0.0

32

(66.7)

< 0.001