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Table 1 Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | Total (41) | Responders (24) | Non-responders (17) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At the day of ICU admission | ||||
| Age, years | 63.9 ± 15.2 | 65.3 ± 13.3 | 61.8 ± 17.6 | 0.476 |
| Male, n (%) | 25 (60) | 15 (63) | 10 (59) | > 0.999 |
| BMI | 21.8 ± 5.8 | 22.1 ± 7.0 | 21.3 ± 3.8 | 0.657 |
| SOFA score | 15 (12–16) | 13 (12–15) | 16 (14–19) | 0.009 |
| APACHE II score | 33 (29–39) | 36 (30–39) | 32 (27–37) | 0.597 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.46 (0.93–2.29) | 1.82 (0.92–2.39) | 1.20 (0.99–1.71) | 0.327 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.4 (0.9–4.4) | 1.05 (0.8–1.6) | 1.7 (1.1–7.3) | 0.065 |
| Platelet count | 71 (44–119) | 105 (54–176) | 50 (25–71) | 0.022 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 10.5 (6.2–18.5) | 9.83 (5.9–15.3) | 10.5 (6.4–22.9) | 0.666 |
| PCT, ng/mL | 9.4 (1.4–51.9) | 17.1 (1.8–52.9) | 5.70 (1.2–27.2) | 0.39 |
| WBC × 103/μL | 10.7 (3.7–17.1) | 14.0 (5.1–19.5) | 7.4 (1.2–13.1) | 0.153 |
| Hct | 29.8 (28.2–32.2) | 30.8 (29.1–32.5) | 28.6 (27.5–29.9) | 0.09 |
| PT-INR | 1.38 (1.16–1.7) | 1.39 (1.15–1.74) | 1.29 (1.23–1.58) | 0.624 |
| FDP, μg/ml | 16.4 (11.1–38.3) | 14.5 (9.8–32.1) | 22.6 (3.0–50.6) | 0.321 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 432 (119–1168) | 463 (128–1169) | 248 (119–961) | 0.767 |
| AT3 activity, % | 54 (45–66) | 49 (39–63) | 59 (50–75) | 0.068 |
| Focus of infection | ||||
| Soft tissue, n | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.065 |
| Respiratory, n | 10 | 7 | 3 | 0.48 |
| Central nervous system, n | 2 | 1 | 1 | > 0.999 |
| Gastrointestinal, n | 3 | 1 | 2 | > 0.999 |
| Hepatobiliary, n | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0.633 |
| Bacteremia or other, n | 16 | 9 | 7 | > 0.999 |
| At the time of epinephrine infusion | ||||
| MAP, mmHg | 51.3 ± 11.2 | 52.1 ± 10 | 50.3 ± 13 | 0.613 |
| PP, mmHg | 24.7 ± 12 | 26.3 ± 11 | 22.5 ± 13 | 0.317 |
| HR, bpm | 107 ± 21 | 103 ± 21 | 113 ± 20 | 0.149 |
| CVP, mm Hg | 15 (12–17) | 13 (11–17) | 15 (13–18) | 0.2 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 4.4 (2.6–8.9) | 3.4 (2.1–7.6) | 6.0 (3.6–9.6) | 0.098 |
| pH | 7.309 (7.386–7.181) | 7.336 (7.212–7.386) | 7.261 (7.098–7.386) | 0.266 |
| P-F ratio | 163 (92–302) | 222 (111–354) | 131 (83–164) | 0.093 |
| Norepinephrine, μg/kg/min | 0.2 (0.17–0.25) | 0.19 (0.17–0.23) | 0.25 (0.16–0.28) | 0.467 |
| Epinephrine, μg/kg/min* | 0.07 (0.03–0.1) | 0.05 (0.03–0.1) | 0.08 (0.07–0.14) | 0.068 |
| Time-epi, h** | 24 (12–72) | 18 (12–24) | 72 (6.0–144) | 0.004 |
| Adjunctive therapy | ||||
| Fluid infusion, ml*** | 559 (426–808) | 559 (418–762) | 559 (447–958) | 0.989 |
| Corticosteroid, n (%) | 35 (85) | 20 (83) | 15 (88) | > 0.999 |
| Vasopressin, i (%) | 20 (49) | 10 (42) | 10 (59) | 0.35 |
| CRRT, n (%) | 28 (68) | 15 (63) | 13 (76) | 0.505 |
| VA-ECMO, n (%) | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | 3 (18) | 0.006 |
| Endpoints | ||||
| ΔMAP after initiation, mmHg **** | 13 (0–22) | 20 (14–29) | -1 (− 7 to 6) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate 3 h after initiation, mmol/L | 6.4 (3.1–11.5) | 4.2 (2.8–9.0) | 11.4 (5.1–13.8) | 0.039 |
| Survival from shock, n (%) ***** | 25 (61) | 22 (92) | 3 (18) | < 0.001 |
| 28-day survival, n (%) | 23 (56) | 20 (83) | 3 (18) | < 0.001 |
