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Table 1 Patient characteristics

From: Timing of administration of epinephrine predicts the responsiveness to epinephrine in norepinephrine-refractory septic shock: a retrospective study

Characteristics

Total (41)

Responders (24)

Non-responders (17)

P value

At the day of ICU admission

 Age, years

63.9 ± 15.2

65.3 ± 13.3

61.8 ± 17.6

0.476

 Male, n (%)

25 (60)

15 (63)

10 (59)

> 0.999

 BMI

21.8 ± 5.8

22.1 ± 7.0

21.3 ± 3.8

0.657

 SOFA score

15 (12–16)

13 (12–15)

16 (14–19)

0.009

 APACHE II score

33 (29–39)

36 (30–39)

32 (27–37)

0.597

 Creatinine, mg/dL

1.46 (0.93–2.29)

1.82 (0.92–2.39)

1.20 (0.99–1.71)

0.327

 Bilirubin, mg/dL

1.4 (0.9–4.4)

1.05 (0.8–1.6)

1.7 (1.1–7.3)

0.065

 Platelet count

71 (44–119)

105 (54–176)

50 (25–71)

0.022

 CRP, mg/dL

10.5 (6.2–18.5)

9.83 (5.9–15.3)

10.5 (6.4–22.9)

0.666

 PCT, ng/mL

9.4 (1.4–51.9)

17.1 (1.8–52.9)

5.70 (1.2–27.2)

0.39

 WBC × 103/μL

10.7 (3.7–17.1)

14.0 (5.1–19.5)

7.4 (1.2–13.1)

0.153

 Hct

29.8 (28.2–32.2)

30.8 (29.1–32.5)

28.6 (27.5–29.9)

0.09

 PT-INR

1.38 (1.16–1.7)

1.39 (1.15–1.74)

1.29 (1.23–1.58)

0.624

 FDP, μg/ml

16.4 (11.1–38.3)

14.5 (9.8–32.1)

22.6 (3.0–50.6)

0.321

 BNP, pg/ml

432 (119–1168)

463 (128–1169)

248 (119–961)

0.767

 AT3 activity, %

54 (45–66)

49 (39–63)

59 (50–75)

0.068

 Focus of infection

  Soft tissue, n

5

5

0

0.065

  Respiratory, n

10

7

3

0.48

  Central nervous system, n

2

1

1

> 0.999

  Gastrointestinal, n

3

1

2

> 0.999

  Hepatobiliary, n

5

2

3

0.633

  Bacteremia or other, n

16

9

7

> 0.999

 At the time of epinephrine infusion

  MAP, mmHg

51.3 ± 11.2

52.1 ± 10

50.3 ± 13

0.613

  PP, mmHg

24.7 ± 12

26.3 ± 11

22.5 ± 13

0.317

  HR, bpm

107 ± 21

103 ± 21

113 ± 20

0.149

  CVP, mm Hg

15 (12–17)

13 (11–17)

15 (13–18)

0.2

  Lactate, mmol/L

4.4 (2.6–8.9)

3.4 (2.1–7.6)

6.0 (3.6–9.6)

0.098

  pH

7.309 (7.386–7.181)

7.336 (7.212–7.386)

7.261 (7.098–7.386)

0.266

  P-F ratio

163 (92–302)

222 (111–354)

131 (83–164)

0.093

  Norepinephrine, μg/kg/min

0.2 (0.17–0.25)

0.19 (0.17–0.23)

0.25 (0.16–0.28)

0.467

  Epinephrine, μg/kg/min*

0.07 (0.03–0.1)

0.05 (0.03–0.1)

0.08 (0.07–0.14)

0.068

  Time-epi, h**

24 (12–72)

18 (12–24)

72 (6.0–144)

0.004

 Adjunctive therapy

  Fluid infusion, ml***

559 (426–808)

559 (418–762)

559 (447–958)

0.989

  Corticosteroid, n (%)

35 (85)

20 (83)

15 (88)

> 0.999

  Vasopressin, i (%)

20 (49)

10 (42)

10 (59)

0.35

  CRRT, n (%)

28 (68)

15 (63)

13 (76)

0.505

  VA-ECMO, n (%)

3 (7)

0 (0)

3 (18)

0.006

 Endpoints

  ΔMAP after initiation, mmHg ****

13 (0–22)

20 (14–29)

-1 (− 7 to 6)

< 0.001

  Lactate 3 h after initiation, mmol/L

6.4 (3.1–11.5)

4.2 (2.8–9.0)

11.4 (5.1–13.8)

0.039

  Survival from shock, n (%) *****

25 (61)

22 (92)

3 (18)

< 0.001

  28-day survival, n (%)

23 (56)

20 (83)

3 (18)

< 0.001

  1. ICU intensive care unit, BMI body mass index, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin, WBC white blood cell, PT-INR: prothrombin time-international normalized ratio, FDP: fibrin degradation product, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, AT3 anti-thrombin 3, MAP mean arterial pressure, PP pulse pressure, HR heart rate, CVP central venous pressure, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, VA-ECMO veno-arterial membrane oxygenation
  2. *Median epinephrine dose of initial 3-h administration
  3. **Time of epinephrine administration after ICU admission
  4. ***Fluid administration during initial 3 h of epinephrine use
  5. ****MAP change 3 h after epinephrine initiation
  6. *****7-day survival without the use of mechanical circulatory support
  7. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, the median and interquartile ranges (25–75% percentile), or as absolute frequencies with percentages
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Journal of Intensive Care

ISSN: 2052-0492