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Table 4 Description of the early-ECMO patients and the matched non-ECMO patients, 2003–2012

From: Predictors and outcomes of early post-operative veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following infant cardiac surgery

Variable

All patients (n = 60)

Early-ECMO patients (n = 20)

Non-ECMO matched patients (n = 40)

p value

Matching variables

 Sex (male)

39(65%)

13(65%)

26(65%)

1.000

 Single-ventricle anatomy

39(65%)

13(65%)

26(65%)

1.000

 Birth gestation (weeks)

38.5(1.6)

38(1.7)

38.7(1.5)

0.176

 Year of treatment

2008.2(3.4)

2008.4(3.4)

2008.1(3.4)

0.747

 Chromosomal abnormality

6(10%)

2(10%)

4(10%)

1.000

 Socioeconomic index

n = 38

n = 9

n = 29

0.522

44.0(15.0)

47.8(2.1)

42.9(12.6)

Demographic variables

 Antenatal diagnosis

41(68.3%)

12(60%)

29(72.5%)

0.384

 Birth weight (grams)

3227.3(523.8)

3121.5(542.2)

3280(513.1)

0.272

 Age at time of surgery (days)

13.1(10.4)

12.6(8.7)

13.3(11.2)

0.801

 Mother’s years of schooling

n = 38

n = 9

n = 29

0.855

13.6(2.5)

13.4(3.2)

13.6(2.3)

Operating room variables

 Cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes)

n = 52

n = 19

n = 33

0.091

120.3(59.6)

142.4(80.9)

107.6(39.1)

 Aortic cross-clamp time (minutes)

n = 52

n = 19

n = 33

0.301

56.5(30.2)

63.3(41.3)

52.5(21.2)

 Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time (minutes)

n = 47

n = 16

n = 31

0.304

24(16)

27(19)

22(14)

 Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest used

47(81%)

16(80%)

31(81.6%)

1.000

 Need to re-institute cardiopulmonary bypass

5(9%)

4(20%)

1(2.8%)

0.050

Post-operative day 1 variables

 Highest lactate (mmol/L)

6.3(4.0)

8.2(4.8)

5.4(3.3)

0.027

 Highest vasoactive-inotrope score

22.1(27.3)

36.7(36.1)

14.9(18.1)

0.017

 Highest epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min)

0.18(0.31)

0.21(0.26)

0.16(0.34)

0.579

 Lowest pH

7.28(0.07)

7.26(0.07)

7.30(0.07)

0.100

 Lowest base deficit

− 3.3(3.3)

− 5.1(3.7)

− 2.5(2.7)

0.008

 Highest creatinine (μmol/L)

59.6(23.2)

63.3(28.0)

57.6(20.4)

0.373

 Open sternum from operating room

44(73%)

18(90%)

26(65%)

0.062

 Heart transplant at any time

5 (8%)

3 (15%)

2 (5%)

0.322

Outcomes

 Death by 2 years

22(36.7%)

11(55.0%)

11(27.5%)

0.049

 Death by 30 days

9(15%)

7(35%)

2(5%)

0.004

 General Adaptive Composite on the ABAS-II

n = 38

n = 9

n = 29

0.002

85.6 (18.3)

69.7 (12.9)

90.5 (16.9)

 General Adaptive Composite < 70 (2 SD below mean; populations expected 2.27%)

8/38 (21%)

5/9 (56%)

3/29 (10%)

0.010

 Length, z-score at 2 years

− 0.47 (1.1)

− 0.70 (1.7)

− 0.40 (.88)

0.617

 Weight, z-score at 2 years

− 0.55 (1.2)

− 0.93 (1.7)

− 0.43 (.98)

0.267

  1. Data are given as n (%), mean (standard deviation). p value is for Fisher’s exact test (categorical data) or independent samples two-sided t test (continuous data)
  2. ABAS Adaptive Behavior Assessment System