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Table 4 Description of the early-ECMO patients and the matched non-ECMO patients, 2003–2012
| Variable | All patients (n = 60) | Early-ECMO patients (n = 20) | Non-ECMO matched patients (n = 40) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matching variables | ||||
| Sex (male) | 39(65%) | 13(65%) | 26(65%) | 1.000 |
| Single-ventricle anatomy | 39(65%) | 13(65%) | 26(65%) | 1.000 |
| Birth gestation (weeks) | 38.5(1.6) | 38(1.7) | 38.7(1.5) | 0.176 |
| Year of treatment | 2008.2(3.4) | 2008.4(3.4) | 2008.1(3.4) | 0.747 |
| Chromosomal abnormality | 6(10%) | 2(10%) | 4(10%) | 1.000 |
| Socioeconomic index | n = 38 | n = 9 | n = 29 | 0.522 |
| 44.0(15.0) | 47.8(2.1) | 42.9(12.6) | ||
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Antenatal diagnosis | 41(68.3%) | 12(60%) | 29(72.5%) | 0.384 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3227.3(523.8) | 3121.5(542.2) | 3280(513.1) | 0.272 |
| Age at time of surgery (days) | 13.1(10.4) | 12.6(8.7) | 13.3(11.2) | 0.801 |
| Mother’s years of schooling | n = 38 | n = 9 | n = 29 | 0.855 |
| 13.6(2.5) | 13.4(3.2) | 13.6(2.3) | ||
| Operating room variables | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes) | n = 52 | n = 19 | n = 33 | 0.091 |
| 120.3(59.6) | 142.4(80.9) | 107.6(39.1) | ||
| Aortic cross-clamp time (minutes) | n = 52 | n = 19 | n = 33 | 0.301 |
| 56.5(30.2) | 63.3(41.3) | 52.5(21.2) | ||
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time (minutes) | n = 47 | n = 16 | n = 31 | 0.304 |
| 24(16) | 27(19) | 22(14) | ||
| Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest used | 47(81%) | 16(80%) | 31(81.6%) | 1.000 |
| Need to re-institute cardiopulmonary bypass | 5(9%) | 4(20%) | 1(2.8%) | 0.050 |
| Post-operative day 1 variables | ||||
| Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 6.3(4.0) | 8.2(4.8) | 5.4(3.3) | 0.027 |
| Highest vasoactive-inotrope score | 22.1(27.3) | 36.7(36.1) | 14.9(18.1) | 0.017 |
| Highest epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) | 0.18(0.31) | 0.21(0.26) | 0.16(0.34) | 0.579 |
| Lowest pH | 7.28(0.07) | 7.26(0.07) | 7.30(0.07) | 0.100 |
| Lowest base deficit | − 3.3(3.3) | − 5.1(3.7) | − 2.5(2.7) | 0.008 |
| Highest creatinine (μmol/L) | 59.6(23.2) | 63.3(28.0) | 57.6(20.4) | 0.373 |
| Open sternum from operating room | 44(73%) | 18(90%) | 26(65%) | 0.062 |
| Heart transplant at any time | 5 (8%) | 3 (15%) | 2 (5%) | 0.322 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death by 2 years | 22(36.7%) | 11(55.0%) | 11(27.5%) | 0.049 |
| Death by 30 days | 9(15%) | 7(35%) | 2(5%) | 0.004 |
| General Adaptive Composite on the ABAS-II | n = 38 | n = 9 | n = 29 | 0.002 |
| 85.6 (18.3) | 69.7 (12.9) | 90.5 (16.9) | ||
| General Adaptive Composite < 70 (2 SD below mean; populations expected 2.27%) | 8/38 (21%) | 5/9 (56%) | 3/29 (10%) | 0.010 |
| Length, z-score at 2 years | − 0.47 (1.1) | − 0.70 (1.7) | − 0.40 (.88) | 0.617 |
| Weight, z-score at 2 years | − 0.55 (1.2) | − 0.93 (1.7) | − 0.43 (.98) | 0.267 |
