Table 1 Description of the cohort of patients having, and not having, ECMO within 48 h of surgery from years 2003–2012
Variable | All patients n = 565 | Early-ECMO patients n = 20 | Non-ECMO patients n = 545 | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variables | ||||
Sex (male) | 350 (62%) | 13(65%) | 337(62%) | 0.775 |
Birth gestation (weeks) | 38.7(1.8) | 38 (1.7) | 39 (1.8) | 0.420 |
Year of treatment | 2007.5 (3.2) | 2008 (3.4) | 2007 (3.2) | 0.185 |
Chromosomal abnormality | 54(9.6%) | 2(10.0%) | 52(9.5%) | 0.945 |
Single-ventricle anatomy | 191(34%) | 13(65%) | 178(33%) | 0.003 |
Antenatal diagnosis | 278(49%) | 12(60%) | 266(49%) | 0.317 |
Birth weight (grams) | 3229.4(608.4) | 3121.5(542.2) | 3233(611.0) | 0.420 |
Socioeconomic index (in survivors) | (n = 474) 42.5(14.4) | (n = 9) 47.8(21.1) | (n = 465) 42.4(14.2) | 0.473 |
Mother’s years of schooling (in survivors) | (n = 474) 13.4(2.7) | (n = 9) 13.4(3.2) | (n = 465) 13.4(2.7) | 0.996 |
Pre-operative variables | ||||
Ventilator days | 5.4(6.2) | 7.1(5.1) | 5.3(6.2) | 0.198 |
Highest creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.3(28.1) | 73.8(37.7) | 63(27.7) | 0.099 |
Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 3.3(3.3) | 4.5(4.2) | 3.3(3.2) | 0.093 |
Highest vasoactive-inotrope score | 5.8(13.5) | 4.5(7.8) | 5.8(13.7) | 0.661 |
Highest epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) | 0.02(0.11) | 0.02(0.04) | 0.02(0.11) | 0.979 |
Age at time of surgery (days) | 13.6(10.7) | 12.6(8.7) | 13.7(10.8) | 0.658 |
Operating room variables | ||||
Cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes) | 113(49.0) n = 519 | 142.4(80.9) n = 19 | 111.8(47.4) n = 500 | 0.118 |
Aortic cross-clamp time (minutes) | 53(26) n = 516 | 63(41) n = 19 | 53(25) n = 497 | 0.254 |
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time (minutes) | 20(13.6) n = 377 | 27.3(19.0) n = 16 | 19.8(13.2) n = 361 | 0.040 |
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest used | 377(67%) | 16(80%) | 361(66%) | 0.273 |
Need to reinstate cardiopulmonary bypass | 40(8%) | 4 (20%) | 36(7%) | 0.055 |
Post-operative day 1 variables | ||||
Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 5.1(2.7) | 8.2(4.7) | 5.0(2.6) | 0.008 |
Highest vasoactive-inotrope score | 12.3(13.6) | 36.6(36.2) | 11.4(11.1) | 0.005 |
Highest epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) | 0.09(0.13) | 0.21(0.26) | 0.09(0.12) | 0.049 |
Lowest pH (0.1 units) | 7.30(0.07) | 7.26(0.07) | 7.30(0.07) | 0.017 |
Lowest base deficit | − 2.5(3.2) | − 5.1(3.7) | − 2.3(3.2) | < 0.001 |
Lowest PaO2 (mmHg) | 53.3(20.6) | 50(35.3) | 53.4(20.0) | 0.729 |
Highest creatinine (μmol/L) | 53.67(17) | 63.3 (28) | 53.3 (16) | 0.127 |
Open sternum from operating room | 308(55%) | 17(85%) | 291(53%) | 0.005 |
Steroids started for blood pressure | 108(19%) | 6(30%) | 102(19%) | 0.243 |
Dialysis | 9(1.6%) | 2(10.0%) | 7(1.3%) | 0.002 |
Seizure at any peri-operative time | 39(6.9%) | 4(20.0%) | 35(6.4%) | 0.042 |
Outcomes | ||||
Death by 30 days | 12(2.1%) | 7(35.0%) | 5(0.09%) | < 0.001 |
Death by 2 years | 75(13%) | 11(55%) | 64(12%) | < 0.001 |
Outcomes in survivors | n = 474 | n = 9 | n = 465a | |
General Adaptive Composite score on the ABAS-II | 89.8 (18.6) | 69.7(13.0) | 90.3(18.4) | 0.001 |
General Adaptive Composite score < 70 (2 SD below mean; population expected 2.27%) | 72 (15%) | 5 (56%) | 68 (15%) | 0.005 |