Table 1 Comparison for patient characteristics and treatments (n = 2495)
All patients (n = 2495) | Closed ICU (n = 1516) | Open ICU (n = 979) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
In-hospital surgical ICU | 50 (2.0%) | 50 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001* |
In-hospital general ICU | 1168 (46.8%) | 644 (42.5%) | 5234 (53.5%) | < 0.001* |
Emergency ICU | 1277 (51.2%) | 822 (54.2%) | 455 (46.5%) | < 0.001* |
Number of beds (IQR†) | 12 [8–18] | 10 [6–18] | 12 [10–20] | < 0.001* |
SOFA score (IQR†) | 9 [7–12] | 9 [7–13] | 9 [6–12] | 0.004* |
APACHE II score (IQR†) | 22 [17–29] | 23 [18–29] | 21 [16–28] | < 0.001* |
SIRS score (IQR†) | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 0.058 |
Age (IQR†, year old) | 72 [62–80] | 72 [62–80] | 73 [63–81] | 0.007* |
Sex (male, %) | 1490 (59.7%) | 916 (60.4%) | 574 (58.6%) | 0.373 |
Body weight (IQR†, kg) | 54.5 [46.3–64] | 54.7 [46.5–65] | 54.0 [46.0–63] | 0.208 |
White blood cell count (IQR†, × 103) | 11.2 [4.5–17.8] | 11.00 [4.40–17.76] | 11.66 [4.85–17.80] | 0.199 |
Hemoglobin (IQR†, g/dl) | 10.6 [9–12.4] | 10.5 [8.9–12.4] | 10.6 [9.1–12.5] | 0.055 |
Platelet count (IQR†, × 103) | 120 [64–191] | 121 [64–194] | 118 [64–186] | 0.498 |
Prothrombin time international normalize ratio (IQR†) | 1.34 [1.17–1.61] | 1.35 [1.18–1.63] | 1.32 [1.16–1.56] | 0.057 |
Co-morbidities | ||||
Liver failure (yes, %) | 104 (4.2%) | 68 (4.5%) | 36 (3.7%) | 0.324 |
Respiratory failure (yes, %) | 98 (3.9%) | 64 (4.2%) | 34 (3.5%) | 0.347 |
Cardiac failure (yes, %) | 134 (5.4%) | 82 (5.4%) | 52 (5.3%) | 0.916 |
Renal failure (yes, %) | 217 (8.7%) | 114 (7.5%) | 103 (10.5%) | 0.009* |
Immunological disorder (yes, %) | 381 (15.3%) | 263 (17.3%) | 118 (12.1%) | < 0.001* |
Hematologic disorder | ||||
Cirrhosis (yes, %) | 97 (3.9%) | 63 (4.2%) | 34 (3.5%) | 0.389 |
Hematologic malignancy (yes, %) | 84 (3.4%) | 58 (3.8%) | 26 (2.7%) | 0.113 |
Chemotherapy (yes, %) | 114 (4.6%) | 79 (5.2%) | 35 (3.6%) | 0.056 |
Warfarin intake (yes, %) | 113 (4.5%) | 73 (4.8%) | 40 (4.1%) | 0.392 |
Others (yes, %) | 48 (1.9%) | 33 (2.2%) | 15 (1.5%) | 0.252 |
Positive blood culture | 1111 (44.5%) | 679 (44.8%) | 432 (44.1%) | 0.745 |
Negative blood culture | 1240 (49.7%) | 778 (51.3%) | 462 (47.2%) | 0.044* |
No blood culture | 144 (5.8%) | 59 (3.9%) | 85 (8.7%) | < 0.001* |
Viral infection | 22 (0.9%) | 18 (1.2%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0.042* |
GNR infection | 912 (36.6%) | 528 (34.8%) | 384 (39.2%) | 0.026* |
GPC infection | 586 (23.5%) | 344 (22.7%) | 242 (24.7%) | 0.243 |
Fungal infection | 38 (1.5%) | 27 (1.8%) | 11 (1.1%) | 0.190 |
Mixed infection | 339 (13.6%) | 246 (16.2%) | 93 (9.5%) | < 0.001* |
Other infection | 45 (1.8%) | 33 (2.2%) | 12 (1.2%) | 0.081 |
Unknown infection | 553 (22.2%) | 320 (21.1%) | 233 (23.8%) | 0.114 |
Red blood cell transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–4] | < 0.001* |
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–4] | 0 [0–5] | 0 [0–4] | 0.002* |
Platelet concentration transfusion (IQR†, units) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–10] | 0 [0–0] | < 0.001* |
Treatment for DIC (yes, %) | 1074 (43.0%) | 656 (43.3%) | 418 (42.7%) | 0.777 |
Antithrombin III (yes, %) | 726 (29.1%) | 447 (29.5%) | 279 (28.5%) | 0.596 |
rhsTM (yes, %) | 636 (25.5%) | 420 (27.7%) | 216 (22.1%) | 0.002* |
Nafamostat (yes, %) | 880 (35.3%) | 533 (35.2%) | 347 (35.5%) | 0.884 |
Heparin (yes, %) | 453 (18.2%) | 247 (16.3%) | 206 (21.0%) | 0.003* |
Warfarin (yes, %) | 39 (1.6%) | 15 (1.0%) | 24 (2.5%) | 0.004* |
Antiplatelet (yes, %) | 56 (2.2%) | 37 (2.4%) | 19 (1.9%) | 0.411 |
Others (yes, %) | 15 (0.6%) | 7 (0.5%) | 8 (0.8%) | 0.262 |
Specific treatment | ||||
Immunoglobulin (yes, %) | 743 (29.8%) | 447 (29.5%) | 296 (30.2%) | 0.689 |
Low dose steroid (yes, %) | 600 (24.0%) | 413 (27.2%) | 187 (19.1%) | < 0.001* |
Renal replacement therapy (yes, %) | 664 (26.6%) | 452 (29.8%) | 212 (21.7%) | < 0.001* |
Renal replacement therapy not for renal indication (yes, %) | 165 (6.6%) | 58 (3.8%) | 107 (10.9%) | < 0.001* |
Polymyxin B direct hemoperfusion (yes, %) | 547 (21.9%) | 316 (20.8%) | 231 (23.6%) | 0.105 |
Plasma exchange (yes, %) | 20 (0.8%) | 9 (0.6%) | 11 (1.1%) | 0.147 |
Veno-arterial ECMO (yes, %) | 23 (0.9%) | 20 (1.3%) | 3 (0.3%) | 0.010* |
Veno-venus ECMO (yes, %) | 27 (1.1%) | 26 (1.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | < 0.001* |
Intra-aortic balloon pumping (yes, %) | 11 (0.4%) | 7 (0.5%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0.845 |
Mechanical ventilation support (yes, %) | 1799 (72.1%) | 1184 (78.1%) | 615 (62.8%) | < 0.001* |
Survival discharge (yes, %) | 1668 (66.9%) | 1014 (66.9%) | 654 (66.8%) | 0.965 |