Process outcomes | ECHO (n = 15) | EGDT (n = 15) | p value |
 Time from sepsis identification to ICU admission (min) | 56 | 82 | 0.42 |
 Time from sepsis identification to randomization (h) | 3.1 | 4 | 0.33 |
 Fluid administration prior to study protocol (median L, median ml/kg) | 3, 33 | 3, 38 | 0.53 |
 Fluid administration during study protocol (median L [IQR, range]) | 0 (0, 2, range 0–7) | 1 (0, 2, range 0–6) | 0.61 |
 24 h fluid administrationa (L, median, IQR) | 6 (4.7, 8.5) | 6.4 (4.8, 9.6) | 0.63 |
 Dobutamine administered (n, %) | 3 (20) | 2 (13) | > 0.99 |
 Patients receiving ≤ 1 L of fluid during study protocol (n, %) | 11 (73) | 11 (73) | > 0.99 |
Clinical outcomes | |||
 Change in SOFA score at 48 h (median, IQR) | − 4 (+ 4 to − 10) | − 6 (− 4 to − 12) | 0.10 |
 28-day mortality (n, %) | 5 (33) | 3 (20) | 0.68 |
 ICU-free days (median, IQR) | 24.2 (0, 25.8) | 24.5 (5.4, 25.8) | 0.97 |
 Ventilator-free days (median, IQR) | 28 (0, 28) | 25 (9, 28) | 0.51 |