Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
From: The prognostic performance of qSOFA for community-acquired pneumonia
In-hospital mortality | ICU admission | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | All encounters | Non-survivors | Survivors | P value | ICU admission | Non-ICU | P value |
Number of patients | 1045 | 64 (6.1) | 981 (93.9) | 83 (7.9) | 962 (92.1) | ||
Age, years | 77 (68–83) | 80 (74–85) | 76 (68–83) | 0.004 | 74 (66–82) | 77 (68–84) | 0.046 |
Male sex, % | 746 (71.4) | 51 (79.7) | 697 (70.8) | 0.15 | 64 (77.1) | 682 (70.9) | 0.26 |
Comorbidities, % | |||||||
COPD | 266 (25.5) | 26 (40.6) | 240 (24.5) | 0.007 | 24 (28.9) | 242 (25.2) | 0.51 |
Interstitial pneumonia | 73 (7.0) | 6 (9.4) | 67 (6.8) | 0.44 | 3 (3.6) | 70 (7.3) | 0.27 |
Old pulmonary tuberculosis | 37 (3.5) | 6 (9.4) | 31 (3.2) | 0.022 | 4 (4.8) | 33 (3.4) | 0.53 |
Asthma | 144 (13.8) | 5 (7.8) | 139 (14.2) | 0.19 | 10 (12.0) | 134 (14.0) | 0.74 |
Diabetes mellitus | 203 (19.5) | 14 (21.9) | 189 (19.3) | 0.63 | 22 (26.5) | 181 (18.9) | 0.11 |
Chronic liver disease | 54 (5.2) | 3 (4.7) | 51 (5.2) | 1.00 | 6 (7.2) | 48 (5.0) | 0.43 |
Congestive heart failure | 323 (30.9) | 22 (34.4) | 301 (30.7) | 0.58 | 29 (34.9) | 294 (30.6) | 0.46 |
Chronic kidney disease | 94 (9.0) | 5 (7.8) | 89 (9.1) | 1.00 | 5 (6.0) | 89 (9.3) | 0.43 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 150 (14.3) | 8 (12.5) | 142 (14.5) | 0.85 | 7 (8.4) | 143 (14.9) | 0.14 |
Malignancy | 91 (8.7) | 8 (12.5) | 83 (8.5) | 0.25 | 10 (12.0) | 81 (8.4) | 0.31 |
Vital signs | |||||||
Temperature, °C | 37.8 (37.0–38.6) | 37.1 (36.8–38.0) | 38 (37.0–38.6) | 0.001 | 38 (36.8–38.4) | 38 (37.0–38.6) | 0.07 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128 (111–148) | 123 (105–143) | 128(112–148) | 0.21 | 120 (95–150) | 128 (113–148) | 0.032 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 90 (78–103) | 84 (76–100) | 90 (78–103) | 0.15 | 84 (69–103) | 90 (78–103) | 0.06 |
Respiratory rate, / min. | 22 (20–26) | 25 (20–30) | 22 (19–26) | < 0.001 | 26 (23–30) | 22 (19–25) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, / min. | 98 (84–111) | 100 (84–115) | 98 (84–111) | 0.46 | 103 (89–124) | 98 (84–110) | 0.002 |
Mental confusion, % | 134 (12.8) | 24 (37.5) | 110 (11.2) | < 0.001 | 32 (38.6) | 102 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory results | |||||||
Total protein, g/dl | 6.6 (6.1–7.0) | 6.1 (5.8–6.6) | 6.6 (6.2–7.0) | < 0.001 | 6.1 (5.8–6.6) | 6.6 (6.2–7.0) | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/dl | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | 2.8 (2.4–3.0) | 3.3 (2.8–3.6) | < 0.001 | 2.9 (2.4–3.3) | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | < 0.001 |
AST, U/L | 26 (20–39) | 30 (22–44) | 26 (19–39) | 0.017 | 35 (22–58) | 25 (19–37) | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 17 (12–28) | 19 (11–33) | 17 (12–27) | 0.58 | 21 (14–36) | 17 (12–27) | 0.003 |
LDH, U/L | 239 (195–293) | 260 (211–342) | 237 (195–290) | 0.06 | 298 (240–383) | 234 (193–284) | < 0.001 |
BUN, mg/dl | 19 (14–27) | 28 (20–38) | 19 (14–26) | < 0.001 | 26 (18–41) | 19 (14–25) | < 0.001 |
Na, mmol/L | 137 (135–139) | 137 (134–140) | 137 (135–139) | 0.90 | 137 (134–139) | 137 (135–139) | 0.35 |
Hgb, g/dl | 12.4 (11.0–13.6) | 12.2 (10.2–13.5) | 12 (11.0–13.6) | 0.33 | 13 (11.2–14.3) | 12 (11.0–13.6) | 0.049 |
WBC, × 109/L | 11.2 (8.1–15.2) | 12.1 (8.2–15.9) | 11 (8.1–15.2) | 0.38 | 11 (7.3–15.9) | 11 (8.1–15.1) | 0.53 |
Platelets, × 109/L | 20.2 (15.0–26.6) | 21.4 (16.4–27.6) | 20 (14.9–26.5) | 0.33 | 18 (13.3–23.7) | 20 (15.3–26.9) | 0.005 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 11.7 (5.5–18.8) | 15.6 (11.4–24.0) | 11.3 (5.2–18.3) | < 0.001 | 16.9 (9.3–27.9) | 11.3 (5.2–17.8) | < 0.001 |
PCT, ng/mL | 0.47 (0.14–2.22) | 1.24 (0.31–6.79) | 0.5 (0.13–2.11) | 0.003 | 4.5 (0.80–17.56) | 0.4 (0.13–1.84) | < 0.001 |
PaO2/FIO2 ratio, mmHg | 265 (202–307) | 178 (86–244) | 267 (210–310) | < 0.001 | 116 (65–216) | 271 (217–310) | < 0.001 |
PaCO2, Torr | 35.7 (32.0–40.2) | 38.9 (31.9–52.3) | 36 (32.0–40.0) | 0.021 | 35 (30.7–47.4) | 36 (32.0–40.0) | 0.48 |
pH | 7.45 (7.41–7.48) | 7.4 (7.31–7.46) | 7.5 (7.41–7.48) | < 0.001 | 7.4 (7.30–7.45) | 7.5 (7.42–7.48) | < 0.001 |
Illness severity | |||||||
qSOFA | 1 (0–1) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | < 0.001 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | < 0.001 |
CURB-65 | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–2) | < 0.001 | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–2) | < 0.001 |
PSI points | 97 (81–120) | 130 (107–156) | 96 (80–118) | < 0.001 | 128 (105–159) | 96 (80–117) | < 0.001 |
PSI class | IV (III–IV) | IV (IV–V) | IV (III–IV) | < 0.001 | IV (IV–V) | IV (III–IV) | < 0.001 |
SIRS | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.53 | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.002 |
Outcomes | |||||||
Vasopressors, % | 52 (5.0) | 13 (20.3) | 39 (4.0) | < 0.001 | 51 (61.4) | 1 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
Respirator (including NPPV), % | 89 (8.5) | 26 (40.6) | 63 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 69 (83.1) | 20 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission, % | 83 (7.9) | 22 (34.4) | 61 (6.2) | < 0.001 | – | – | |
Hospital length of stay, days | 11 (8–18) | 11 (5–25) | 11 (8–18) | 0.21 | 21 (12–33) | 11 (7–17) | < 0.001 |
28-day mortality, % | 51 (4.9) | 51 (79.7) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 | 17 (20.5) | 34 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
Hospital mortality, % | 64 (6.1) | – | – | 22 (26.5) | 42 (4.4) | < 0.001 | |