Table 1 Summary of targeted temperature management studies

Muroi C 2008 [39]

Single-center, prospective cohort study

SAH patients with a ventricular catheter for cerebrospinal fluid drainage

(1) 33 °C with an endovascular cooling device

(2) Barbiturate coma

N = 7

No detail described

N = 8

There was no significant difference in neurological outcome (GOS > 3) at 1 year (42.9 vs. 50.0%).

Anei R 2010 [40]

Single-center

Before–after study

Poor-grade SAH patients (WFNS scale > 3)

(1) Induction within 24 h after the hemorrhage

(2) 34 °C for 48 h with an cooling blanket

(3) Rewarming at the rate of 1 °C/24 h

N = 16

No detail described

N = 19

There was no significant difference in neurological outcome at 3 months.

Badjatia N 2010 [41]

Matched controlled analysis from single-center, prospective cohort

SAH patients with antipyretic-resistant fever

37 °C for 14 days with a surface cooling device

N = 40

Oral acetaminophen with or without use of a water-circulating blanket

N = 80

In multivariate analysis, TTM was associated with better neurological outcome at 12 months (79 vs. 54%).

Kuramatsu JB 2015 [42]

Matched controlled analysis from single-center, prospective cohort

Poor-grade SAH patients (Hunt and Hess grade > 3 and WFNS scale > 3)

(1) Induction within 48 h after the hemorrhage

(2) 35 °C for 7 days with an endovascular cooling device

(3) Rewarming at the rate of 0.5 °C/24 h

N = 12

Intravenous paracetamol

N = 24

Patients in TTM groups had a significantly lower incidence of DCI (50.0 vs. 84.5%) and a tendency to have better functional outcome (mRS < 3) at 6 months (66.7 vs. 33.3%).

Choi W 2017 [43]

Single-center, randomized control trial

Poor-grade SAH patients (Hunt and Hess grade > 3 and modified Fisher scale > 2)

(1) Induction as soon as possible after ruptured aneurysmal treatment

(2) 34.5 °C for 48 h with an endovascular cooling device or a surface cooling device

(3) rewarming at the rate of 1 °C/24 h to 36.5 °C

N = 11

No detail described

N = 11

There were no significant differences in the incidences of DCI (36.3 vs. 45.6%) and favorable neurological outcome (mRS < 3) at 3 months between two groups (27.3 vs. 9.1%).