Measure | Evidence | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Lactate | Meta-analysis |
Needs blood sampling Laboratory time Could be elevated in other conditions than shock |
ScvO2 | RCT |
Needs central catheter Less useful under anesthesia |
P (v-a) CO2 | Cohort |
Needs central catheter Needs blood sampling Laboratory time |
Temperature gradients | Cohort | T c-toe is affected by hypothermia and room temperature |
LV strain | Cohort | Needs expert operator |
Skin mottling | Cohort | Limited value in burns, amputations, and in dark skin |
Capillary refill time | Cohort |
Index CRT: inter-rater variability Knee CRT: limited value in dark skin |
PPI | Cohort | Needs an expensive device and electrodes |
StO2 | Cohort |
Needs NRIS and electrodes Less accurate in septic shock Less accurate in early shock stages |
Ptco2 | Cohort |
Needs special monitor and electrodes No definitive cutoff value |
OCT | RCT |
Needs special monitor and electrodes Restricted to intubated patients |
Sublingual microcirculation | Cohort | Needs special device |