The impact of changes in intensive care organization on patient outcome and cost-effectiveness—a narrative review

Table 1 The impact of the intensivist on patient outcome and cost in the adult intensive care unit

Reference	Country	Design	Population	Year	Reduction in ICU LOS	Reduction in hospital LOS	Reduction in hospital mortality	Reduction in cost
Multz [1]	USA	Prospective	Medical	1998	Yes, <0.0001	Yes, <0.01	No	n/a
Dimick [2]	USA	Retrospective	Surgical	1994–1998	n/a	Yes, <0.05^a	Yes, <0.001	Yes, 61%
Carson [3]	USA	Prospective	Medical	1996	No	No	No	n/a
Li [4]	USA	Retrospective	Mixed	1984	No	n/a	Yes, 0.01^a	n/a
Reynolds [5]	USA	Retrospective	Medical	1986–1988	No	No	Yes, <0.01^a	n/a
Brown [6]	Canada	Retrospective	Mixed	1984–1986	n/a	n/a	Yes, <0.01^a	n/a
Manthous [7]	USA	Retrospective	Medical	1992–1994	Yes, <0.05	Yes, <0.05	Yes, 0.002^a	n/a
Pronovost [8]	USA	Retrospective	Surgical	1994–1996	Yes, <0.05^a	Yes, <0.05^a	Yes, 0.05^a	n/a
Baldock [9]	UK	Prospective	Mixed	1995–1998	n/a	n/a	Yes, 0.001	n/a
Rosenfeld [10]	USA	Prospective	Surgical	1996–1997	Yes, <0.01	No	Yes, 0.008^a	Yes, 36%
Diringer [11]	USA	Retrospective	Neuro	1996–1999	Yes, <0.05	Yes, <0.05	Yes, 0.001	n/a
Blunt [12]	UK	Retrospective	Medical	2000	No	No	Yes, 0.001^a	n/a
Hanson [13]	USA	Retrospective	Surgical	1994–1995	Yes, <0.05	Yes, <0.05	No	Yes, not quantified
Ghorra [14]	USA	Retrospective	Surgical	1996	No	n/a	n/a	n/a
Tai [15]	Singapore	Prospective	Medical	1993–1994	Yes, 0.01	No	n/a	n/a

ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, USA United States of America, n/a not applicable
^aRemains significant after adjustment for baseline disease severity

ISSN: 2052-0492