Table 2 Clinical assessments of GCX damage
From: Glycocalyx and its involvement in clinical pathophysiologies
Fragment detection | |||
 Authors | Subjects | Substances | Results |
 Ostrowski [65] | Trauma | Soluble VEGF receptor 1 | Positive correlation with injury severity |
 Padberg [53] | CKD | Syn-1, HA, sFlt-1, sVCAM-1, vWF, angiopoietin-2 | Syn-1, HA increased in parallel with CKD stage |
 Larsen [60] | RBC transfusion | Syn-1, slCAM-1, sVE-cadherin, hyaluronan | Slight increase in syn-1 at 24 h after transfusion |
 Larsen [61] | Myeloid leukemia | Syn-1, slCAM-1, sVE-cadherin, hyaluronan | High syn-1 was associated with bleeding, impaired platelet function |
 Neves [56] | Acute decompensated heart failure | Syn-1 | Syn-1 was high in AKI |
 Cekic [62] | Crohn’s disease | Syn-1 | Disease activity was correlated with syn-1 |
 Page [63] (review) | Infectious disease | Ang-1,-2, vWF, thrombomodulin, sE-selectin, slCAM-1, sVCAM-1 | A biomarker with consistent clinical utility was not identified |
Intravital microscopy | |||
 Authors | Subjects | Results | |
 Nussbaum [57] | Children, diabetes mellitus type 1 | GCX thickness was inversely correlated with glucose | |
 Koning [68] | Cardiac surgery | Pulsatile and non-pulsatile reduced perfusion density zone | |
 Broekhuizen [67] | Diabetes mellitus type 2 | Sulodexide increased GCX thickness | |