Context | P C | Fluid volume loading | Vasopressor | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anesthesia | ↑ | (−) | (+) |  |
 | ↓ | (+) | (+) | Low MAP can decrease P C despite vasodilation. |
Surgery | ||||
 Hemorrhage | ↓ | (+) | Use only when MAP is too low to preserve tissue perfusion. |  |
 Long-duration | ↓ | Restrict crystalloid infusion (e.g., 3 ml kg−1 h−1). If hypovolemia is suspected, repeat crystalloid or colloid bolus (e.g., 4 ml kg−1 over 10–15 min). | Use if vasodilation due to inflammation is suspected. |  |
Trauma | ||||
 Uncontrolled bleeding | ↓ | (+) | Use only when MAP is too low to preserve tissue perfusion. | Avoid full restoration of MAP (≥60 mmHg) because of a risk of bleeding. |
Sepsis | ||||
 Early | ↓ | (+) | Use only when MAP is too low to preserve tissue perfusion. |  |
 After fluid volume loading | ↑ | (−) | (+) |  |