Fluid responsiveness in acute circulatory failure

Table 2 Fluid challenge methods for the detection of FR

Parameter	Cut-off value	Evidence	Limitations
PLR [26, 53, 75]	10 % increase in aortic flow or CI	Meta-analysis	Not feasible in intraoperative situations and some surgical patients; needs CO monitoring
EEO [26, 76–79]	5 % increase in CO	Cohort	Needs MV; needs CO monitoring
PEEP-induced increase in CVP [80]	1.5 mmHg	Cohort	Tried only in cardiac surgery patients
PEEP-induced decrease in MAP [81]	NA	Cohort	Useful only in identifying non-responders
Arm occlusion pressure [82]	21.9 mmHg	Cohort	Tried only in cardiac surgery patients
Mini-fluid challenge [83]	10 % increase in subaortic VTI	Cohort	Needs echocardiography with experienced operator
10-s fluid challenge [84]	9 % increase in CO or SV	Cohort	Needs CO or SV monitoring

PLR passive leg raising, EEO end expiratory occlusion, PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, CVP central venous pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, CO cardiac output, CI cardiac index, SV stroke volume, BP blood pressure, VTI velocity time integral, NA not available

ISSN: 2052-0492