Exposure | Model 1 (RR, 95 % CI)a | Model 2 (RR, 95 % CI)b |
---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||
Age | ||
18–44 | ref | ref |
45–64 | 1.63 (1.49–1.79) | 1.62 (1.40–1.89) |
65–79 | 2.58 (2.34–2.85) | 2.63 (2.23–3.10) |
80+ | 3.92 (3.54–4.34) | 3.84 (3.22–4.58) |
Male gender | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) |
Clinical characteristics | ||
Admission hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg) | 1.83 (1.61–2.09) | 1.71 (1.37–2.13) |
Admission heart rate <60 bpm | ref | ref |
Admission heart rate 60–100 bpm | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) |
Admission heart rate >100 bpm | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) |
Need for mechanical ventilation during hospitalization | 4.18 (3.64–4.80) | 4.40 (3.72–5.21) |
Injury severity | ||
ISS <9 | ref | ref |
ISS 9–15 | 0.89 (0.67–1.17) | 1.33 (0.75–2.37) |
ISS 16+ | 1.86 (1.41–2.45) | 2.92 (1.67–5.12) |
Neurologic | ||
GCS 13–15 | ref | ref |
GCS 9–12 | 1.70 (1.51–1.90) | 1.70 (1.43–2.02) |
GCS ≤8 | 3.06 (2.74–3.43) | 3.04 (2.60–3.55) |
Facility characteristics | ||
University/teaching hospital | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) |
Hospital bed size | ||
Small (<200 beds) | ref | ref |
Medium (201–400 beds) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) |
Large (>400 beds) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.18 (0.92–1.50) |
Trauma hospital designation | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) |